2.8: Masharti muhimu
- Page ID
- 175147
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- Allostasis
- mchakato wa kibiolojia ambapo mwili hujiandaa kwa mahitaji yaliyotarajiwa.
- Anchoring upendeleo
- tabia ya kufanya makadirio kulingana na thamani ya awali ya awali.
- Upatikanaji heuristic
- tabia ya kutathmini habari mpya kulingana na mifano ya hivi karibuni au kwa urahisi alikumbuka.
- bandwagon uwongo
- uongo kwamba tunapaswa kufanya kitu au kuamini kitu kwa sababu watu wengine wengi hufanya au kuamini kitu kimoja.
- Upendeleo wa utambuzi
- mfano wa utaratibu wa hoja ambayo inatofautiana na hukumu ya rationally mojawapo au mantiki kulingana na ukweli zilizopo na probabilities.
- Sayansi ya utambuzi
- utafiti wa ubongo na taratibu za msingi mawazo, mtazamo, kumbukumbu, hisia, na kazi nyingine za ubongo.
- Uthibitisho upendeleo
- tabia ya kutafuta, kutafsiri, neema, na kukumbuka habari ambayo inathibitisha au inasaidia imani imara.
- Kilahaja
- njia ya kugundua ukweli unaotokana na majadiliano na hutumia kubadilishana maoni tofauti ili kufika kwenye nafasi ambayo inawezekana kuwa kweli.
- Dunning-Kruger athari
- upendeleo wa utambuzi ambao watu wenye ujuzi mdogo katika kiwango cha kazi maalum ujuzi wao pia sana kuhusiana na wengine wenye ujuzi zaidi.
- Unyenyekevu wa Epistemia
- msimamo katika uchunguzi wa falsafa na kisayansi unaotambua mipaka ya uwezo wa mtu mwenyewe wa kujua ukweli na ukweli kwa njia ya moja kwa moja au kamili.
- Gambler ya uwongo
- hoja ambayo inashikilia kwamba ikiwa tukio la nafasi limetokea mara kwa mara katika siku za hivi karibuni, inawezekana kutokea katika siku za usoni (au kinyume chake).
- Heuristics
- njia za mkato za akili au sheria za kidole ambacho hutoa njia ya kutatua matatizo ambayo sio lazima iwe bora lakini inafaa.
- Homeostasis
- mchakato wa kibiolojia ambapo mwili unasimamia yenyewe kudumisha hali ya usawa.
- Uingizaji
- mchakato wa akili unaoongoza kutoka kwa seti moja ya habari (majengo, data, au habari) hadi nyingine (hitimisho, ujenzi, au makadirio).
- Metacognition
- mchakato wa kufikiri juu ya kufikiri. Metacognition inahusisha ujuzi wa kujitegemea na ujuzi wa kufikiri juu ili mtu anaweza kudhibiti, kufuatilia, na kuchambua kwa makini michakato yao ya mawazo.
- Kanuni ya upendo
- kanuni ya kutafsiri ambayo inasema msomaji anapaswa kutafsiri taarifa za mwandishi kwa njia ya busara na bora zaidi.
- Uwakilishi
- kitengo cha kuzaa habari cha mawazo. Uwakilishi ni vitu ambavyo akili hufikiria wakati wanafikiri.
- Steelmanning
- mkakati wa kufanya hoja za kupinga kama nguvu iwezekanavyo ili iwe vigumu kubisha chini.
- kuzamishwa gharama uwongo
- uongo wa kuunganisha thamani kubwa kwa kitu kuliko haifai kwa sababu mtu tayari amewekeza muda, rasilimali, na hisia katika jambo hilo (au mtu).
- Ukabila
- tabia ya wanadamu kuunganisha imani na mitazamo yao na makundi ya watu ambao wana mitazamo, mazoea, au imani sawa.