3.2E : Exercices pour la section 3.2

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Pour les exercices 1 à 10, utilisez la définition d'une dérivée pour trouver$f′(x)$.

1)$f(x)=6$

2)$f(x)=2−3x$

Réponse: $f'(x) = −3$

3)$f(x)=\dfrac{2x}{7}+1$

4)$f(x)=4x^2$

Réponse: $f'(x) = 8x$

5)$f(x)=5x−x^2$

6)$f(x)=\sqrt{2x}$

Réponse: $f'(x) = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2x}}$

7)$f(x)=\sqrt{x−6}$

8)$f(x)=\dfrac{9}{x}$

Réponse: $f'(x)=\dfrac{−9}{x^2}$

9)$f(x)=x+\dfrac{1}{x}$

10)$f(x)=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x}}$

Réponse: $f'(x)=\dfrac{−1}{2x^{3/2}}$

Pour les exercices 11 à 14, utilisez le graphe de$y=f(x)$ pour esquisser le graphe de sa dérivée$f′(x)$.

11)

$La fonction f (x) commence à (−2, 20) et diminue pour passer par l'origine et atteindre un minimum local à environ (0,5, -1). Ensuite, il augmente et passe par (1, 0) et atteint un maximum local à (2,25, 2) avant de diminuer à nouveau de (3, 0) à (4, -20).$

(12)

$La fonction f (x) commence à (−1,5, 20) et diminue pour passer par (0, 10), où elle semble avoir une dérivée de 0. Ensuite, il diminue encore, passant par (1,7, 0) et atteignant un minimum à (3, −17), après quoi il augmente rapidement de (3,8, 0) à (4, 20).$

Réponse: $La fonction commence dans le troisième quadrant et augmente jusqu'à toucher l'origine, puis diminue au minimum à (2, −16), avant de passer par l'axe x à x = 3, après quoi elle continue d'augmenter.$

13)

$La fonction f (x) commence à (−2,25, −20) et augmente rapidement pour passer à travers (−2, 0) avant d'atteindre un maximum local à (−1,4, 8). Ensuite, la fonction diminue jusqu'à l'origine. Le graphique est symétrique par rapport à l'axe Y, de sorte qu'il augmente jusqu'à (1,4, 8) avant de décroître jusqu'à (2, 0) et de redescendre jusqu'à (2,25, −20).$

(14)

$La fonction f (x) commence à (−3, −1) et augmente pour passer par (−1,5, 0) et atteindre un minimum local à (1, 0). Ensuite, il diminue et passe à travers (1,5, 0) et continue à décroître jusqu'à (3, -1).$

Réponse: $La fonction commence à (−3, 0), augmente jusqu'à un maximum à (−1,5, 1), diminue à travers l'origine et jusqu'à un minimum à (1,5, −1), puis augmente jusqu'à l'axe x à x = 3.$

Pour les exercices 15 à 20, la limite donnée représente la dérivée d'une fonction$y=f(x)$ à$x=a$. Trouvez$f(x)$ et$a$.

15)$\displaystyle \lim_{h→0}\frac{(1+h)^{2/3}−1}{h}$

16)$\displaystyle \lim_{h→0}\frac{[3(2+h)^2+2]−14}{h}$

Réponse: $f(x)=3x^2+2, \quad a=2$

17)$\displaystyle \lim_{h→0}\frac{\cos(π+h)+1}{h}$

18)$\displaystyle \lim_{h→0}\frac{(2+h)^4−16}{h}$

Réponse: $f(x)=x^4, \quad a=2$

19)$\displaystyle \lim_{h→0}\frac{[2(3+h)^2−(3+h)]−15}{h}$

(20)$\displaystyle \lim_{h→0}\frac{e^h−1}{h}$

Réponse: $f(x)=e^x, \quad a=0$

Pour les fonctions des exercices 21 à 24,

a. esquissez le graphique et

b. utilisez la définition d'une dérivée pour montrer que la fonction n'est pas dérivable à$x=1$.

(21)$f(x)=\begin{cases}2\sqrt{x}, & \text{if } 0≤x≤1\\3x−1, & \text{if } x>1\end{cases}$

(22)$f(x)=\begin{cases}3, & \text{if } x<1\\3x, & \text{if } x≥1\end{cases}$

Réponse

un.

$La fonction est linéaire à y = 3 jusqu'à ce qu'elle atteigne (1, 3), point auquel elle augmente sous la forme d'une droite de pente 3.$

b.$\displaystyle \lim_{h→1^−}\frac{3−3}{h}≠\lim_{h→1^+}\frac{3h}{h}$

23)$f(x)=\begin{cases}−x^2+2, & \text{if } x≤1\\x, & \text{if } x>1\end{cases}$

(24)$f(x)=\begin{cases}2x, & \text{if } x≤1\\\frac{2}{x}, & \text{if } x>1\end{cases}$

Réponse

un.

$La fonction commence dans le troisième quadrant sous la forme d'une ligne droite et passe par l'origine avec la pente 2 ; puis en (1, 2), elle diminue de manière convexe jusqu'à 2/x.$

b.$\displaystyle \lim_{h→1^−}\frac{2h}{h}≠\lim_{h→1^+}\frac{\frac{2}{x+h}−2x}{h}.$

For the graphs in exercises 25 - 26,

a. determine for which values of $x=a$ the $\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}f(x)$ exists but $f$ is not continuous at $x=a$, and

b. determine for which values of $x=a$ the function is continuous but not differentiable at $x=a$.

25)

$The function starts at (−6, 2) and increases to a maximum at (−5.3, 4) before stopping at (−4, 3) inclusive. Then it starts again at (−4, −2) before increasing slowly through (−2.25, 0), passing through (−1, 4), hitting a local maximum at (−0.1, 5.3) and decreasing to (2, −1) inclusive. Then it starts again at (2, 5), increases to (2.6, 6), and then decreases to (4.5, −3), with a discontinuity at (4, 2).$

26)

$The function starts at (−3, −1) and increases to and stops at a local maximum at (−1, 3) inclusive. Then it starts again at (−1, 1) before increasing quickly to and stopping at a local maximum (0, 4) inclusive. Then it starts again at (0, 3) and decreases linearly to (1, 1), at which point there is a discontinuity and the value of this function at x = 1 is 2. The function continues from (1, 1) and increases linearly to (2, 3.5) before decreasing linearly to (3, 2).$

Answer: a. $x=1$,
b. $x=2$

27) Use the graph to evaluate a. $f′(−0.5)$, b. $f′(0)$, c. $f′(1)$, d. $f′(2)$, and e. $f′(3),$ if it exists.

$The function starts at (−3, 0) and increases linearly to a local maximum at (0, 3). Then it decreases linearly to (2, 1), at which point it increases linearly to (4, 5).$

For the functions in exercises 28 - 30, use $f''(x)=\displaystyle \lim_{h→0}\frac{f′(x+h)−f′(x)}{h}$ to find $f''(x).$

28) $f(x)=2−3x$

Answer: $f''(x)=0$

29) $f(x)=4x^2$

30) $f(x)=x+\dfrac{1}{x}$

Answer: $f''(x)=\dfrac{2}{x^3}$

For exercises 31 - 36, use a calculator to graph $f(x)$. Determine the function $f′(x)$, then use a calculator to graph $f′(x)$.

31) [T] $f(x)=−\dfrac{5}{x}$

32) [T] $f(x)=3x^2+2x+4.$

Answer

$f′(x)=6x+2$

$The function f(x) is graphed as an upward facing parabola with y intercept 4. The function f’(x) is graphed as a straight line with y intercept 2 and slope 6.$

33) [T] $f(x)=\sqrt{x}+3x$

34) [T] $f(x)=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2x}}$

Answer

$f′(x)=−\dfrac{1}{(2x)^{3/2}}$

$The function f(x) is in the first quadrant and has asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0. The function f’(x) is in the fourth quadrant and has asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0.$

35) [T] $f(x)=1+x+\dfrac{1}{x}$

36) [T] $f(x)=x^3+1$

Answer

$f′(x)=3x^2$

$The function f(x) starts is the graph of the cubic function shifted up by 1. The function f’(x) is the graph of a parabola that is slightly steeper than the normal squared function.$

For exercises 37 - 42, describe what the two expressions represent in terms of each of the given situations. Be sure to include units.

a. $\dfrac{f(x+h)−f(x)}{h}$

b. $f′(x)=\displaystyle \lim_{h→0}\frac{f(x+h)−f(x)}{h}$

37) $P(x)$ denotes the population of a city at time $x$ in years.

38) $C(x)$ denotes the total amount of money (in thousands of dollars) spent on concessions by $x$ customers at an amusement park.

Answer

a. Average rate at which customers spent on concessions in thousands per customer.

b. Rate (in thousands per customer) at which $x$ customers spent money on concessions in thousands per customer.

39) $R(x)$ denotes the total cost (in thousands of dollars) of manufacturing $x$ clock radios

40) $g(x)$ denotes the grade (in percentage points) received on a test, given $x$ hours of studying.

Answer

a. Average grade received on the test with an average study time between two values.

b. Rate (in percentage points per hour) at which the grade on the test increased or decreased for a given average study time of $x$ hours.

41) $B(x) $denotes the cost (in dollars) of a sociology textbook at university bookstores in the United States in $x$ years since $1990$.

42) $p(x)$ denotes atmospheric pressure at an altitude of $x$ feet.

Answer

a. Average change of atmospheric pressure between two different altitudes.

b. Rate (torr per foot) at which atmospheric pressure is increasing or decreasing at $x$ feet.

43) Sketch the graph of a function $y=f(x)$ with all of the following properties:

a. $f′(x)>0$ for $−2≤x<1$

b. $f′(2)=0$

c. $f′(x)>0$ for $x>2$

d. $f(2)=2$ and $f(0)=1$

e. $\displaystyle \lim_{x→−∞}f(x)=0$ and $\displaystyle \lim_{x→∞}f(x)=∞$

f. $f′(1)$ does not exist.

44) Suppose temperature $T$ in degrees Fahrenheit at a height $x$ in feet above the ground is given by $y=T(x).$

a. Give a physical interpretation, with units, of $T′(x).$

b. If we know that $T′(1000)=−0.1,$ explain the physical meaning.

Answer

a. The rate (in degrees per foot) at which temperature is increasing or decreasing for a given height $x.$

b. The rate of change of temperature as altitude changes at $1000$ feet is $−0.1$ degrees per foot.

45) Suppose the total profit of a company is $y=P(x)$ thousand dollars when $x$ units of an item are sold.

a. What does $\dfrac{P(b)−P(a)}{b−a}$ for $0<a<b$ measure, and what are the units?

b. What does $P′(x)$ measure, and what are the units?

c. Suppose that $P′(30)=5$, what is the approximate change in profit if the number of items sold increases from $30$ to $31$?

46) The graph in the following figure models the number of people $N(t)$ who have come down with the flu t weeks after its initial outbreak in a town with a population of 50,000 citizens.

a. Describe what $N′(t)$ represents and how it behaves as $t$ increases.

b. What does the derivative tell us about how this town is affected by the flu outbreak?

$The function starts at (0, 3000) and increases quickly to an asymptote at y = 50000.$

Answer: a. The rate at which the number of people who have come down with the flu is changing $t$ weeks after the initial outbreak.
b. The rate is increasing sharply up to the third week, at which point it slows down and then becomes constant.

For exercises 47 - 52, use the following table, which shows the height $h$ of the Saturn V rocket for the Apollo 11 mission $t$ seconds after launch.

Time (seconds)	Height (meters)
0	0
1	2
2	4
3	13
4	25
5	32

47) What is the physical meaning of $h′(t)$? What are the units?

48) [T] Construct a table of values for $h′(t)$ and graph both $h(t)$ and $h′(t)$ on the same graph. (Hint: for interior points, estimate both the left limit and right limit and average them.)

Answer

Time (seconds)	$h′(t)$ (m/s)
0	2
1	2
2	5.5
3	10.5
4	9.5
5	7

49) [T] The best linear fit to the data is given by $H(t)=7.229t−4.905$, where $H$ is the height of the rocket (in meters) and t is the time elapsed since takeoff. From this equation, determine $H′(t)$. Graph $H(t$ with the given data and, on a separate coordinate plane, graph $H′(t).$

50) [T] The best quadratic fit to the data is given by $G(t)=1.429t^2+0.0857t−0.1429,$ where $G$ is the height of the rocket (in meters) and $t$ is the time elapsed since takeoff. From this equation, determine $G′(t)$. Graph $G(t)$ with the given data and, on a separate coordinate plane, graph $G′(t).$

Answer

$G′(t)=2.858t+0.0857$

$This graph has the points (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 13), (4, 25), and (5, 32). There is a quadratic line fit to the points with y intercept near 0.$

$This graph has a straight line with y intercept near 0 and slope slightly less than 3.$

51) [T] The best cubic fit to the data is given by $F(t)=0.2037t^3+2.956t^2−2.705t+0.4683$, where $F$ is the height of the rocket (in m) and $t$ is the time elapsed since take off. From this equation, determine $F′(t)$. Graph $F(t)$ with the given data and, on a separate coordinate plane, graph $F′(t)$. Does the linear, quadratic, or cubic function fit the data best?

52) Using the best linear, quadratic, and cubic fits to the data, determine what $H''(t),\;G''(t)\text{ and }F''(t)$ are. What are the physical meanings of $H''(t),\;G''(t )\text{ and }F''(t),$ and what are their units?

Answer: $H''(t)=0,\;G''(t)=2.858\text{ and }f''(t)=1.222t+5.912$ represent the acceleration of the rocket, with units of meters per second squared $(\text{m/s}^2).$