3.3: 描述推理
- Page ID
- 172877
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一旦我们介绍了这个论点,我们将总结并描述其主要主张,我们需要证明它是如何支持这一主张的。 作者如何为我们指明他们希望我们前进的方向? 尽管我们在论证图中使用箭头来显示从理性到主张的动量,但我们可以用一个短语来表明哪个想法是哪个主张的理由。
介绍原因的短语
- 她的理由是 ___________。
- 他通过 ___________ 解释了这一点。
- 作者用 ___________ 证明了这一点。
- 为了支持这个观点,作者指出 ___________。
- 作者的这种说法是基于___________ 的想法。
- 他们争辩说 ___________ 意味着___________ 因为 ___________。
- 她认为,如果 ___________,那么 ___________。
- 他声称 ___________ 必然意味着 ___________。
- 她通过___________证实了这个想法。
- 他通过 ___________ 支持这个想法。
- 作者以___________的形式提供证据。
- 他们用 ___________ 来支持这一点。
- 她通过 ___________ 演示了这一点。
- 他证明了通过 ___________ 证明这一点的尝试。
- 他们引用了对___________的研究。
- 根据___________,她得出结论认为 ___________。
我们的边界论据图显示了导致主要索赔的三个原因链,因此我们的摘要可以描述该链。

示例摘要
在她2019年的文章 “我们不会都过境吗?” ,安娜·米尔斯敦促我们寻求一项新的边境政策,帮助绝望的无证移民,而不是将他们定为犯罪。 她呼吁转向尊重和同情,质疑非法过境是错误的观念。 她辩称,任何处于绝望境地的父母都会认为为了孩子的缘故越境是正确的;因此,任何人都不应在他人身上谴责这种行为。 既然我们无法为我们目前的隔离墙和拘留中心辩护,我们必须拆除它们。
练习练习\(\PageIndex{1}\)
For each pair of claims and reasons below, write a paraphrase of the reason and introduce it with one of the phrases from the chapter or another phrase that serves a similar purpose.
Here's an example. Take the following claim and reason pair: “The right of free speech does not apply to speech that endangers public health. Therefore, Twitter should not allow tweets that promote medical claims that have been proven wrong.”
A description of the reason might read as follows: "The writer bases this recommendation on the idea that we do not have a free-speech right to spread ideas that harm other people’s health."
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"Coffee jumpstarts the mind. Therefore, students should embrace coffee to help them study."
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"Students should avoid coffee. Relying on willpower alone to study reinforces important values like responsibility and self-reliance."
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"Students should drink black tea rather than coffee because tea has fewer side effects."


