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6.2: 求解绝对值方程

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    171266
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    要求解绝对值方程,首先要考虑绝对值的以下两个属性:

    定义:绝对值的属性

    属性 1:对于\(b > 0\)\(|a| = b\)当且仅当\(a = b\)\(a = −b\)

    属性 2:适用于任何实数\(a\)\(b\)\(|a| = |b|\)如果且仅当\(a = b\)或时\(a = −b\)

    • 在应用属性 1 之前,将绝对值表达式隔离到方程的两侧。
    • 通过将解替回原始方程来检查解。
    • 解以解集的形式呈现\(\{p, q\}\),其中\(p\)\(q\)是任意实数。
    • 绝对值方程的解集以数字线上的点的形式绘制。

    求解每个方程并绘制解集的图表。

    1. \(|x| = 7\)
    2. \(|5x – 3| = 2\)
    3. \(|20 – x| = −80\)

    解决方案

    1. 要求解\(|x| = 7\),请使用带有 and\(a = x\) 的属性 1\(b = 7\)

    因此,解是\(x = 7\)\(x = −7\)和,解集是\(\{-7,7\}\)。 解决方案集的图表如下图所示。

    clipboard_e4e661622afb19f733118b1049d678a57.png

    1. a 部分中使用的方程求解方法可以用\(a = 5x – 3\)和扩展到本部分中的给定方程\(b = 2\)

    因此,绝对值方程等同\(|5x – 3| = 2\)于:

    \(\begin{array} &&5x − 3 = 2 &\text{ or } &5x − 3 = −2 &\text{Property 1} \\ &5x = 5 &\text{ or } &5x = 1 &\text{Add \(3\)到方程的两边}\\ &x = 1 &\ text {or} &x =\ dfrac {1} {5} &\ text {除以方程的\(5\)两边}\ end {array}\)

    现在,检查给定绝对值方程的解是否\(x = 1\)\(x = \dfrac{1}{5}\)解。

    \(\begin{array} &&\text{For } x = 1 &\text{For } x = \dfrac{1}{5} &\\ &|5x − 3| = 2 &|5x − 3| = 2 &\text{Given} \\ &|5(1) − 3| \stackrel{?}{=} 2 &|5 \left( \dfrac{1}{5} \right) − 3| \stackrel{?}{=} 2 &\text{Substitute the \(x\)-values}\\ &|5 − 3|\ stackrel {?} {=} 2 &|1 − 3|\ stackrel {?} {=} 2 &\ text {Simplify}\\ &|2|\ stackrel {?} {=} 2 &|− 2|\ stackrel {?} {=} 2 &\ text {应用绝对值定义}\\ &2 = 2\;\ checkmark &2 = 2\;\ checkmark\ end {array}\)

    既然上述方程是正确的,那么,\(x = 1\)并且\(x = \dfrac{1}{5}\)是给定绝对值方程的解。 解决方案集是\(\left\{\dfrac{1}{5} , 1\right\}\)。 解决方案集的图表如下图所示。

    clipboard_e78f4a9bbcf248134874230631b7dada3.png

    1. 由于绝对值永远不能为负数,因此没有实数\(x\)可以\(|20 – x| = −80\)成立。 方程没有解,解集为\(∅\)

    求解并绘制解决方案集的图表。

    1. \(\left| \dfrac{4}{3} x + 3 \right| + 8 = 18\)
    2. \(4 \left| \dfrac{1}{3}x − 6 \right| − 5 = −5\)
    3. \(|4x – 3| = |x + 6|\)

    解决方案

    1. 请注意,绝对值表达式不是孤立的,这意味着无法应用这些属性。 首先,在方程的左\(\left| \dfrac{4}{3}x + 3 \right|\)侧隔离,然后应用属性 1。

    \(\begin{array} &&\left| \dfrac{4}{3} x + 3 \right| + 8 = 18 &\text{Given equation} \\ & \left| \dfrac{4}{3} + 3 \right| = 10 &\text{Subtract \(8\)从方程的两边}\ end {array}\)

    现在隔离绝对值后,\(\left| \dfrac{4}{3} + 3 \right| = 10\)使用属性 1 求解,使用\(a = \dfrac{4}{3} x + 3\)\(b = 10\)如下所示,

    \(\begin{array} && &\left| \dfrac{4}{3} + 3 \right| = 10 & & \\ &\dfrac{4}{3} + 3 = 10 &\text{ or } & \dfrac{4}{3} + 3 = -10 &\text{Property 1} \\ &\dfrac{4}{3} x = 7 &\text{ or } &\dfrac{4}{3}x = −13 &\text{Subtract \(3\)来自两边}\\ &x =\ dfrac {21} {4} &\ text {or} &x = −\ dfrac {39} {4} &\ text {将两边乘以\(\dfrac{3}{4}\)}\ end {array}\)

    检查解\(x = −\dfrac{39}{4}\)并将其\(x = \dfrac{21}{4}\)替换为原始绝对值方程。 解决方案集为\(\left\{ −\dfrac{39}{4}, \dfrac{21}{4} \right\}\),解决方案集的图形如下图所示。

    clipboard_e42b1bbc90f71c52e8a95664a185e2c67.png

    1. 与 a 部分类似,隔离绝对值表达式。 因此,首先\(\left| \dfrac{1}{3} x − 6 \right|\)在方程的左侧进行分离,然后应用属性 1。

    \(\begin{array} &&4 \left| \dfrac{1}{3}x − 6 \right| − 5 = −5 &\text{Given equation} \\ &4 \left| \dfrac{1}{3}x − 6 \right| = 0 &\text{Add \(5\)到方程的两边}\\ &\ left|\ dfrac {1} {3} x − 6\ right| = 0 &\ text {除以方程的\(4\)两边}\ end {array}\)

    绝对值是隔离的。 由于\(0\)是唯一绝对值为的数字\(0\),因此表达式\(\dfrac{1}{3}x − 6\)必须等于\(0\)。 所以,

    \(\begin{array} &&\dfrac{1}{3}x − 6 = 0 & \\ &\dfrac{1}{3}x − 6 &\text{Add \(6\)到方程的两边}\\ &x = 18 &\ text {将两边乘以\(3\)}\ end {array}\)

    解决方案是\(18\),解决方案集是\(\{18\}\)。 验证它是否满足原始方程式。 解决方案集的图表如下图所示。

    clipboard_e2acd5153df84bfef5569962926db627b.png

    1. \(|4x − 7| = |x + 14|\)请注意,要求解\(|4x − 7| = |x + 14|\),请使用带有\(a = 4x − 7\)和的属性 2\(b = x + 14\)

    \(\begin{array} && &|4x − 7| = |x + 14| & &\text{Given} \\ &4x−7 = x+14 &\text{ or } &4x − 7 = −(x + 14) &\text{Property 2} \\ &4x−7 = x+14 &\text{ or } &4x − 7 = −x − 14 &\text{Distribute \(−1\)为了简化右方程}\\ &4x = x + 21 &\ text {or} &4x = −x − 7 &\ text {\(7\)添加到每个等式的两边}\\ &3x = 21 &\ text {or} &5x = −7 &\ text {或} &x = −\ dfrac {7} {5} &\ text {将每个方程除以\(x\)-系数}\ end {array}\)

    检查解\(x = −\dfrac{7}{5}\)并将其\(x = 7\)替换为原始绝对值方程。 解决方案集是\(\left\{ −\dfrac{7}{5}, 7\right\}\)。 解决方案的图表如下图所示。

    clipboard_eb0f0ab26e578678046e463bf1d8ac854.png

    求解每个方程,检查解并绘制解集的图表。

    1. \(|x| = 19\)
    2. \(|x − 4| = 10\)
    3. \(|2x − 5| = 12\)
    4. \(\left|\dfrac{x}{11} \right| = 2.5\)
    5. \(|x − 3.8| = −2.7\)
    6. \(|3x − 4.5| = 9.3\)
    7. \(\dfrac{8}{3} |x − 6| = 14\)
    8. \(|x + 15| − 19 = 7\)
    9. \(|11x + 3| + 28 = 16\)
    10. \( \left| \dfrac{8}{7} x + 9 \right| − 2 = 8\)
    11. \( −3|2x − 7| + 13 = 13\)
    12. \( 8 − 5|10x + 6| = 5\)
    13. \( |5x − 14| = |3x − 9|\)
    14. \( |15x| = |x − 21|\)
    15. \( |4x − 7| = |5(2x + 3)|\)
    16. \( \dfrac{7}{8} = \dfrac{3x}{2} + \dfrac{2x}{5}\)
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    This page titled 6.2: 求解绝对值方程 is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Victoria Dominguez, Cristian Martinez, & Sanaa Saykali (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative) .