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7.12: Marejeo

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    1. Jennifer Rubin, “Maoni: Katika New Hampshire, Democrats mahakama maveterani” Washington Post,
    2. Stephen Medvic. 2014. Kampeni na Uchaguzi: Wachezaji na Michakato, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
    3. Guinn v. Marekani, 238 Marekani 347 (1915).
    4. Medvic, Kampeni na Uchaguzi.
    5. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 Marekani 529 (2013).
    6. Bernard Grofman, Lisa Handley, na Richard G. Niemi. 1992. Uwakilishi wa Wachache na Jitihada za Usawa wa Kupiga kura. New York: Cambridge University Press, 25.
    7. “Canvass,” Aprili 2014, Suala 48, http://www.ncsl.org/research/electio...pril-2014.aspx.
    8. Tova Wang na Maria Peralta. 22 Septemba 2015. “Ripoti mpya iliyotolewa na Tume ya Taifa ya Haki za Kupiga kura: Kazi Zaidi Inahitajika ili kuboresha Usajili na Upigaji kura nchini Marekani” http://votingrightstoday.org/ncvr/re... /msimamizi wa uchaguzi.
    9. Ibid.
    10. Royce Crocker, “Sheria ya Taifa ya Usajili wa Wapiga kura ya 1993: Historia, Utekelezaji, na Athari,” Huduma ya Utafiti wa Congressional, Ripoti ya CRS R40609, Septemba 18, 2013, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40609.pdf.
    11. “Viwango vya Uchaguzi Mkuu wa Taifa wa VEP, 1789—Sasa,” http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present (Novemba 4, 2015).
    12. John B. Holbein, D. Sunshine Hillygus. 2015. “Kufanya Wapiga Kura Vijana: Athari ya Usajili wa Uandikishaji wa Vijana.” Jarida la Marekani la Sayansi ya Siasa (Machi). doi:10.1111/ajps.12177.
    13. Russell Berman, “Je, Usajili wa Wapiga kura Uwe moja kwa moja?” Atlantic, 20 Machi 2015; Maria L. La Ganga, “Chini ya Sheria ya New Oregon, Wapiga Kura wote wanaostahili wamesajiliwa Isipokuwa Wanachagua, "Los Angeles Times, 17 Machi 2015.
    14. “'Haiwezi kutumiwa' Rolls wapiga kura,” Wall Street Journal, 7 Novemba 2000.
    15. “Mia moja Saba Congress ya Marekani katika kikao cha Pili,” 23 Januari 2002. http://www.eac.gov/assets/1/workflow...ng/Page/41.PDF.
    16. “Orodha ya Wapiga kura usahihi,” 11 Februari 2014. http://www.ncsl.org/research/electio... -accuracy.aspx
    17. Brad Bryant na Kay Curtis, eds. Desemba 2013. “Interstate Crosscheck Programu Inakua,” http://www.kssos.org/forms/communica...nsas/dec13.pdf.
    18. Troy Kinsey, “Mapendekezo Bili Kuweka Greater Uchunguzi juu ya Florida ya Wapiga kura Purges, "Bay News, 9 Novemba 2015.
    19. “Felon Haki za Kupiga kura,” 15 Julai 2014. http://www.ncsl.org/research/electio...ng-rights.aspx.
    20. Jenni Goldstein, “Florida hatia wahalifu kuruhusiwa kupiga kura kwa mara ya kwanza katika uchaguzi wa rais baada ya kumaliza hukumu,” ABC News, 25 Oktoba 2020, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/conv...ry? id=73822173.
    21. Wilson Ring, “Vermont, Maine Tu States Hebu Wahabusu Vote, "Associated Press, 22 Oktoba 2008.
    22. “Sifa na Kiapo cha Wapiga kura,” https://votesmart.org/elections/ball...h#.VjQOJH6rS00 (Novemba 12, 2015).
    23. Richard Niemi na Michael Hanmer. 2010. “Upigaji kura Miongoni mwa Wanafunzi wa Chuo: Takwimu mpya na kutafakari upya wa Nadharia za Jadi,” Sayansi ya Jamii Robo 91, No. 2:301—323.
    24. Michael P. McDonald na Samuel Popkin. “Hadithi ya Wapiga kura waliopotea,” Tathmini ya Sayansi ya Siasa ya Marekani 95, No. 4:963-974; Angalia pia, “Idadi ya Watu wa Umri wa Kupiga kura ni nini (VAP) na Idadi ya Watu Wenye Haki ya Kupiga kura (VEP)?” http://www.electproject.org/home/vot...aq/denominator (Novemba 12, 2015).
    25. McDonald na Popkin, “Hadithi ya Wapiga kura waliopotea,” 963—974.
    26. Mpiga kura Turnout, Marekani Uchaguzi Project, http://www.electproject.org/home/vot...r-turnout-data (Juni 2021).
    27. Michael B. Farrell. Septemba 16, 2009. “Je, ni Utata wa ACORN Kuhusu nini?” Christian Sayansi Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politic...troversy-about.
    28. Jennifer Steinhauer, “Wapinzani wa California Kura Initiative Kutafuta Uchunguzi,” New York Times, 21 Novemba 2007
    29. Lori A. Demeter. 2010. “Wapiga kura Waliosita: Je, Usajili wa Siku hiyo ni Muhimu wa Mifupa?” Journal ya Kimataifa ya Biashara na Sayansi ya Jamii 1, No. 1:191—193.
    30. Jane Eisner. 2004. Kurudi Kura: Kupata Vijana wa Marekani Kushiriki katika Demokrasia Yetu. Boston: Beacon Press.
    31. Ofisi ya Sensa. “Jedwali A-1. Kuripotiwa Kupiga kura na Usajili kwa Mbio, Asili ya Rico, Ngono, na Vikundi vya Umri: Novemba 1964 hadi 2018.” (Juni 2021).
    32. “Michelle Obama atangaza Mwenyekiti wapya 7 Kujiunga na Tunapopiga kura, Shirika la Taifa Lisilo la Partisani Alizindua Kuongeza Ushiriki wa Wapiga kura katika Kila Uchaguzi,” Wakati Sisi Wote Vita, https://whenweallvote.org/michelle-o...very-election/ (Juni 20210).
    33. Thom File, “Vijana-Watu wazima Kupiga kura: Uchambuzi wa Uchaguzi wa Rais 1964-2012,” Ofisi ya Sensa ya Marekani, P20-573, Aprili 2014, https://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p20-573.pdf.
    34. Jacob Fabina, “Pamoja na Changamoto za Magonjwa, Uchaguzi wa 2020 ulikuwa na ongezeko kubwa zaidi la kupiga kura Kati ya Uchaguzi wa Rais kwenye Rekodi,” Census.gov, 29 Aprili 2021, https://www.census.gov/library/stori... -election.html.
    35. Randall Akee, “Kupiga kura na Mapato,” EconoFact, 7 Februari 2019, https://econofact.org/voting-and-income.
    36. “Kupiga kura na Usajili wa Wapiga kura kama sehemu ya Idadi ya Wapiga kura, kwa Mbi/Ukabila,” KKF, https://www.kff.org/other/state-indi...2:%22asc%22%7D (Juni 2021).
    37. Luis Noe-Bustamante, Abby Budiman, na Mark Hugo Lopez, “Wapi Latinos Wana Wapiga Kura Wengi wanaostahili katika Uchaguzi wa 2020,” Kituo cha Utafiti wa Pew, 31 Januari 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tan...2020-election/.
    38. Kituo cha Wanawake wa Marekani na Siasa (CAWP). 2022. “Uwiano wa watu wazima wanaostahili Watu wazima ambao Taarifa Kupiga kura,” https://cawp.rutgers.edu/facts/voter...er-turnout#GGN.
    39. Frank Newport. 12 Juni 2009. “Wanawake Zaidi Uwezekano wa Kuwa Democrats, Bila kujali Umri,” http://www.gallup.com/poll/120839/wo...dless-age.aspx.
    40. “Jedwali 10. Kuripotiwa Kupiga kura na Usajili, kwa Ngono na Umri wa Miaka Single: Novemba 2012,” https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socd...12/tables.html (Novemba 2, 2015).
    41. Drew Desilver. 6 zaidi 2015. “Marekani wapiga kura Turnout trails Nchi nyingi zilizoendelea,” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank...oped-countries.
    42. John Kuk, Zoltan Hanal, na Nazita Lajevardi. 2022. “Mzigo Mkubwa: Sheria kali za Utambulisho wa Wapiga kura na Utoaji wa Wachache,” Siasa, Vikundi, na Utambulisho, 10, No. 1:126—134, doi: 10.1080/21565503.2020.1773280.
    43. Jason Mycoff, Michael Wagner, na David Wilson. 2009. “Athari za kimapenzi za Sheria za Mpiga kura: Sasa au haipo?” PS: Sayansi ya Siasa na Siasa, 42, No. 1:121—126, doi: 10.1017/S10490965090301.
    44. “Sheria ya Kitambulisho cha picha,” http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2401.htm (Novemba 1, 2015).
    45. “Kupata Kitambulisho cha Picha,” http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2625.htm (Novemba 1, 2015).
    46. “Media Information Guide for Indiana 2014 Uchaguzi Mkuu,” http://www.state.in.us/sos/elections...11.03.2014.pdf (Novemba 13, 2015).
    47. David Stout, “Mahakama Kuu Inashikilia Sheria ya Utambulisho wa Wapiga kura huko Indiana,” New York Times, 29 Aprili 2008; Crawford v. Bodi ya Uchaguzi ya Marion County, 553 Marekani 181 (2008).
    48. “Mamlaka Hapo awali kufunikwa na Sehemu ya 5,” http://www.justice.gov/crt/jurisdict...ered-section-5 (Novemba 1, 2015).
    49. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 Marekani 529 (2013).
    50. Veasey v. Abbott, 136 S. Ct. 1823 (2016).
    51. Patricia Zengerle. 26 Septemba 2012. “Young, Hispanics, Maskini Hit Wengi na Sheria ya Marekani Wapiga kura ID: utafiti,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/...PvhKPXu4fVA.97.
    52. BBC News. 1 Novemba 2018. “Masharti ya Kati ya Marekani: Je, ni Madai ya Ukandamizaji wa Wapiga kura?” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45986329..
    53. Lisa Hagen na Susan Milligan, “Jinsi sheria za kupiga kura zinazuia 'New South, '” US News, 9 Aprili 2021, https://www.usnews.com/news/the-repo... -mpya-kusini.
    54. Kara Scannell, Brian Todd, Ashley Killough, Ed Lavandera, Devan Cole, na Samira Said, “Maeneo mengi ya Drive-Thru Kupiga kura Kufunga Siku ya Uchaguzi katika kaunti ya Houston-Area katika Kituo cha Drama ya Kisheria,” 3 Novemba 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/02/polit...lot/index.html.
    55. Stefan D. Haag, “Mapema Kupiga kura katika Texas: Athari ni nini?” Ripoti ya CPPPS ya Chuo cha Jumuiya ya Austin, http://www.austincc.edu/cppps/earlyv...ll/report5.pdf (Novemba 1, 2015).
    56. Rich Morin. 23 Septemba 2013. “Kupiga kura mapema kuhusishwa na Lower Turnout,” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank... -chini-kugeuka.
    57. Michael McDonald, “Takwimu za Kura za Uchaguzi Mkuu wa 20020,” Mradi wa Uchaguzi wa Marekani, 23 Novemba 2020, https://electproject.github.io/Early...20G/index.html
    58. “All-mail kupiga kura, "Ballotpedia, https://ballotpedia.org/All-mail_voting.
    59. Bodi ya Wahariri ya Post ya Denver, “Kura ya Kujiamini kwa Uchaguzi wa Barua huko Colorado,” Denver Post, 10 Novemba 2014.
    60. Blair Miller, “Colorado ilikuwa na kiwango cha pili cha juu cha wapiga kura katika uchaguzi wa katikati ya 2018,” ABC News Denver, 13 Novemba 2018, https://www.thedenverchannel.com/new...dterm-election.
    61. Brian Knowlton, “Disclosure of His 1976 Kukamatwa kwa kulewa Driving Shakes Kampeni, lakini Mitikio ya Wapiga kura Hauna uhakika: Mshangao Novemba kwa Bush,” New York Times, 4
    62. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/u...stigation.html" Rebecca R. Ruiz na Mark Landler. 17 zaidi 2017. “Robert Mueller, Aliyekuwa F.B.I. Mkurugenzi, Ni jina lake Maalum Cousel kwa Urusi Uchunguzi.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/u...stigation.html.
    63. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/u...p-mueller.html" Mark Mazzetti, Eileen Sullivan, na Maggie Haberman. 25 Januari 2019. “Kutoa Roger Stone, Mueller Inaonyesha Link kati Trump Kampeni na WikiLeaks.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/u...p-mueller.html.
    64. Taarifa ya pamoja kutoka Baraza la Uratibu wa Serikali ya Miundombinu ya Uchaguzi na Kamati za Utendaji za Sekta ya Miundombinu ya Uchaguzi, 12 https://www.cisa.gov/news/2020/11/12...uncil-election
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    67. Jennifer L. Lawless. 2012. Kuwa Mgombea: Tamaa ya kisiasa na Uamuzi wa Kukimbia Ofisi. Cambridge: Cambridge University
    68. “Muundo wa Msaidizi wa Nyumba za Serikali,” http://ballotpedia.org/Partisan_comp...f_state_houses (Novemba 4, 2015); Zach Holden. 20 Novemba 2014. “Hakuna Contest: 36 Asilimia ya 2014 Jimbo Kisheria Mashindano inayotolewa No Choice,” https://www.followthemoney.org/resea...o-choice-blog/.
    69. “Kazi za Wabunge katika Majimbo Yote,” http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-s...onal-data.aspx (Novemba 3, 2015).
    70. Jennifer L. lawless na Richard L. Fox. 2010. Bado Inachukua Mgombea: Kwa nini Wanawake hawapati Ofisi. Revised Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University
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    72. “Kwa Hesabu,” Kuwakilisha Wanawake, https://www.representwomen.org/curre...on#us_overview (Juni 2021).
    73. “Viwango vya Uchaguzi Zaidi ya Miaka,” https://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/reelect.php (Novemba 12, 2015).
    74. Karl Evers-Hillstrom, “Ghali zaidi Milele: Uchaguzi wa 2020 Gharama $14.4 Bilioni,” OpenSecrets.org, 11 Februari 11, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/202...n-doubling-16/.
    75. Katharina Buchholz, “Matumizi ya Nje Inachukua Leap up katika Mzunguko wa Uchaguzi wa 2020,” Statista, 3 Desemba 2020, https://www.statista.com/chart/17036... -us-uchaguzi/.
    76. Greg Scott na Gary Mullen, “Ripoti ya Mwaka thelathini,” Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Shirikisho, Septemba 2005, http://www.fec.gov/info/publications/30year.pdf
    77. Jonathan Bernstein, “Wao alitumia nini juu ya Kampeni ya Rais ,” Washington Post, 20 Februari, 2012.
    78. Jaime Fuller, “Kutoka George Washington hadi Shaun McCutcheon: Historia ya kifupi ya Mageuzi ya Kampeni ya Fedha, "Washington Post, 3 Aprili 2014.
    79. Sheria ya Mazoea ya Rushwa ya Shirikisho la 1925; Sheria ya Hatch ya 1939; Sheria ya Taft-Hartley ya 1947
    80. Scott na Mullen, “Ripoti ya Mwaka thelathini.”
    81. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 Marekani 1 (1976).
    82. “Sheria ya Mageuzi ya Kampeni ya Bipartisan ya 2002,” http://www.fec.gov/pages/bcra/bcra_update.shtml (Novemba 11, 2015); Scott na Mullen, “Ripoti ya Mwaka thelathini.”
    83. “Mahakama ya Kesi ya Mahakama,” http://www.fec.gov/law/litigation_CCA_W.shtml (Novemba 12, 2015); Davis v. Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Shirikisho, 554 Marekani 724 (2008).
    84. Wananchi United v. FEC, 558 Marekani 310 (2010).
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    89. Harold Meyerson, “Op-Ed: California ya Jungle Msingi: Alijaribu. Dampo It, "Los Angeles Times, 21 Juni 2014.
    90. California Democratic Party v. Jones, 530 Marekani 567 (2000).
    91. “Wapiga kura Turnout,” http://www.electproject.org/home/vot...r-turnout-data. (Novemba 3, 2015).
    92. Josh Putnam, “Rais Msingi na Caucuses kwa Mwezi (1976),” Frontloading HQ (blog), Februari 3, 2009, http://frontloading.blogspot.com/200... -calendar.html.
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    114. Lasse Laustsen. 2014. “Kuharibu Uhusiano Kati ya Uonekano wa uso wa Wagombea na Mafanikio ya Uchaguzi,” Tabia ya Siasa 36, No. 4:777—791.
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    117. Michael Alvarez na Jonathan Nagler. 2000. “Njia mpya ya Modeling Upigaji kura Mkakati katika Uchaguzi Multiparty,” British Journal of Siasa Sayansi 30, No. 1:57—75.
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    128. Mark Barabak, “10 wakati kukumbukwa kutoka kukumbuka kwa Gov. Gray Davis, miaka 10 baadaye,” Los Angeles Times, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-...togallery.html (Agosti 1, 2015).