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3.12: Marejeo

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    177879
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    2. Garry Willis, ed. 1982. Karatasi za Shirikisho na Alexander Hamilton, James Madison na John Jay. New York: Bantam Books, 237.
    3. Danielle Kurtzleben, “Nyumba Kura kufufua Haki Sawa Marekebisho, Kuondoa kuridhiwa Tarehe ya mwisho, "NPR, 13 Februari 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/02/13/80564...ation-deadline.
    4. Arizona v. Marekani, 567 Marekani 387 (2012).
    5. Marekani v. Wrightwood Maziwa Co, 315 Marekani 110 (1942).
    6. Ronald L. Watts. 1999. Kulinganisha Systems Shirikisho, 2 ed. Kingston, Ontario: Chuo Kikuu cha McGill-Queen, 6—7; Daniel J. Elazar. 1992. Shirikisho Systems of the World: Kitabu cha Shirikisho, Shirikisho na Uhuru Mipango. Harlow, Essex: Longman Mambo ya sasa.
    7. Jack Rakove. 2007. James Madison na Uumbaji wa Jamhuri ya Marekani. New York: Pearson; Samuel H. Kufanya Taifa: Ugunduzi upya wa Shirikisho la Marekani. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    8. Elton E. Richter. “Mamlaka ya kipekee na ya wakati mmoja katika Katiba ya Shirikisho,” Notre Dame Law Review 4, No. 8:513—542. http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/vi...6&context=ndlr
    9. Baehr v. Lewin. 1993. 74 Haw 530.
    10. Marekani v. Windsor, 570 Marekani 744 (2013).
    11. Adam Liptak, “Mahakama Kuu Alitangaza Tacit Win to Gay Ndoa,” New York Times, 6 Oktoba, 2014.
    12. Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 Marekani 644 (2015).
    13. Takwimu zilizoripotiwa na http://www.usgovernmentrevenue.com/federal_revenue. Takwimu za serikali za mitaa na serikali za mitaa inakadiriwa
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    15. Angalia Robert Jay Dilger, “Ruzuku ya Shirikisho kwa Serikali za Jimbo na za Mitaa: Mtazamo wa kihistoria juu ya Masuala ya Kisasa, "Huduma ya Utafiti wa Congressional, Ripoti
    16. Jeffrey L. Barnett et al. 2014. Sensa ya Serikali ya 2012: Ripoti ya Muhtasari wa Fedha na Serikali za Mitaa, Kiambatisho Meza A-1 Desemba 17. Washington, DC: Marekani Ofisi ya Sensa, 2.
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    19. Takwimu ilivyoripotiwa na Kituo cha Bajeti na Sera Vipaumbele. “Misingi ya Sera: Dola zetu za Shirikisho Zetu Zinakwenda wapi?” Machi 11. http://www.cbpp.org/research/policy-...tax-dollars-go
    20. Taasisi ya Lehrman. “Trio Mwanzilishi: Washington, Hamilton na Jefferson.” http://lehrmaninstitute.org/history/FoundingTrio.asp
    21. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 Marekani 316 (1819).
    22. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 Marekani 1 (1824).
    23. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 Marekani 1 (1824).
    24. W. Kirk Wood. 2008. Ubatilishaji, Historia ya Katiba, 1776—1833. Lanham, MD: Chuo Kikuu cha Press of America.
    25. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 Marekani 393 (1857).
    26. Joseph R. Marbach, Troy E. Smith, na Ellis Katz. Shirikisho katika Amerika: Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
    27. Marc Allen Eisner. 2014. Uchumi wa kisiasa wa Marekani: Mabadiliko ya Taasisi ya Soko na Jimbo. New York: Routledge.
    28. Eisner, Marekani Uchumi wa kisiasa; Stephen Skworonek. 1982. Kujenga Jimbo Jipya la Marekani: Upanuzi wa Uwezo wa Utawala wa Taifa, 1877—1920. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press
    29. Marekani v. E. C. knight, 1wakati mwingine hujulikana kama kesi ya Sugar Trust, 56 Marekani 1 (1895).
    30. Lochner v. New York, 198 Marekani 45 (1905).
    31. Nyundo v. Dagenhart, 247 Marekani 251 (1918).
    32. Nicholas Crafts na Peter Fearon. 2010. “Masomo kutoka Unyogovu Mkuu wa 1930,” Mapitio ya Oxford ya Sera ya Uchumi 26:286—287; Gene Smiley. “Encyclopedia mafupi ya Uchumi: Unyogovu Mkuu. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/G...epression.html
    33. Marbach et al, Shirikisho katika Amerika: Encyclopedia.
    34. Jeff Shesol. 2010. Nguvu Kuu: Franklin Roosevelt dhidi ya Mahakama Kuu. New York: W.
    35. Bodi ya Taifa ya Mahusiano ya Kazi (NLRB) v. Jones & Laughlin Steel, 301 Marekani 1 (1937).
    36. Lawrence R. Jacobs na Theda Skocpol. 2014. “Maendeleo ya Shirikisho na Wagombea Utekelezaji wa Mageuzi ya Afya ya Obama,” Katika Siasa ya Mageuzi makubwa ya Sera katika baada ya vita Amerika, eds. Jeffrey A. Jenkins na Sidney M. Milkis. New York: Cambridge University Press
    37. R. Kent Weaver. 2000. Kumaliza Ustawi kama tunavyojua. Washington, DC: Taasisi Brookings.
    38. Allen Schick. 2007. Bajeti ya Shirikisho, 3 ed. Washington, DC: Taasisi Brookings.
    39. Dilger, “Ruzuku ya Shirikisho kwa Serikali za Jimbo na za Mitaa,” 30—31.
    40. Marekani v. Lopez, 514 Marekani 549 (1995).
    41. Angalia Printz v. Marekani, 521 Marekani 898 (1997).
    42. Morton Grodzins. 2004. “Mfumo wa Shirikisho.” Katika Masomo ya Serikali ya Marekani na Kesi, ed. P. Woll. New York: Pearson Longman, 74—78.
    43. Idara ya Elimu ya Marekani: Ofisi ya Haki za Kiraia, Kihistoria Black Vyuo na Vyuo Vikuu na Elimu ya Juu Desegration, Machi 1991, https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/li...cs/hq9511.html.
    44. Dilger, “Ruzuku ya Shirikisho kwa Serikali za Jimbo na Mitaa.”
    45. John Mikesell. 2014. Utawala wa Fedha, 9 ed. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing.
    46. Dilger, “Ruzuku ya Shirikisho kwa Serikali za Jimbo na Mitaa,” 5.
    47. Dilger, “Ruzuku ya Shirikisho kwa Serikali za Jimbo na Mitaa, "Jedwali 4.
    48. Schick, Bajeti ya Shirikisho.
    49. Robert Jay Dilger na Eugene Boyd. 15 Julai 2014. “Block Ruzuku: Mitazamo na utata.” Congressional Huduma ya Utafiti, Ripoti R40486, 1—3. Isaac Shapiro, David Reich, Chloe Cho, na Richard Kogan. 28 Machi 2017. “Bajeti ya Trump ingeweza Kuzuia Misaada kwa kasi, kuimarisha Hatari ya Kutoa Programu za Jamii. Kituo cha Bajeti na Vipaumbele Sera. https://www.cbpp.org/research/federa...ring-danger-of.
    50. Jonathan Weisman, “Bajeti ya Ryan ingekata $5 trilioni katika Matumizi Zaidi ya Muongo,” New York Times, 1 Aprili 2014.
    51. Kenneth Finegold, Laura Wherry, na Stephanie Schardin. 2014. “Zuia Misaada: Maelezo ya kihistoria na Masomo Yaliyojifunza,” Shirikisho Mpya: Masuala na Chaguzi kwa Mfululizo wa Mataifa A, No A-63:1—7.
    52. Martha Derthick. 1987. “Shirikisho la Marekani: Madison's Middle Ground katika miaka ya 1980,” Utawala wa Umma Review 47, No. 1:66—74.
    53. Marekani Congress. 2017—2018. H. R. 50 — Unfunded Mamlaka ya Habari na Uwazi Sheria ya 2017. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-...e-bill/50(June 1, 2021).
    54. National Gavana Association, Mkutano wa Taifa wa Nchi Bunge, na Chama cha Marekani cha Watawala Motor Vehicle. Sheria ya Real ID: Taifa Impact Uchambuzi. http://www.ncsl.org/print/statefed/r...nal_sept19.pdf
    55. Idara ya Usalama wa Nchi. 18 Desemba 2018. “Kitambulisho halisi.” https://www.dhs.gov/real-id. Usalama wa Nchi. “Real ID Utekelezaji kwa kifupi.” http://www.dhs.gov/real-id-enforcement-brief # (Juni 12, 2015); Mkutano wa Taifa wa Bunge la Nchi. “Countdown kwa ID REAL.” http://www.ncsl.org/research/transpo...o-real-id.aspx (Juni 12, 2015).
    56. Robert Jay Dilger na Richard S. Beth, “Unfunded Mamlaka ya Mageuzi Sheria: Historia, Impact, na Masuala,” Congressional Service Utafiti, Ripoti 7-5700, 17
    57. John Kincaid. 1990. “Kutoka Shirikisho la Ushirikiano hadi Shirikisho la Ushirikisho,” Annals ya Chuo cha Marekani cha Sayansi ya Siasa na Jamii 509:139—152.
    58. Carol M. Swain na Virgina M. Yetter. (2014). “Shirikisho na Siasa ya Mageuzi ya Uhamiaji.” Katika Siasa ya Mageuzi makubwa ya Sera katika baada ya vita Amerika, eds. Jeffery A. Jenkins na Sidney M. Milkis. New York: Cambridge University Press
    59. Mkutano wa Taifa wa Wabunge wa Nchi. “Hali Sheria Kuhusiana na Uhamiaji na Wahamiaji.” http://www.ncsl.org/research/immigra...mmigrants.aspx (Juni 23, 2015).
    60. Ann Morse, “Ripoti juu ya Sheria za Uhamiaji wa Serikali - 2020,” Mkutano wa Taifa wa Bunge la Nchi, 8 Machi 2021, https://www.ncsl.org/research/immigr...laws-2020.aspx.
    61. Michele Waslin. 2012. “Kuharibu 'Uhamishwaji wa ubinafsi' kama Sera ya Uhamiaji,” Februari 6. http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/spe...gration-policy
    62. Daniel González. 2010. “SB 1070 Backlack Spurs Hispanics kujiunga Democrats,” Juni 8. http://archive.azcentral.com/arizona... -backlash.html
    63. Arizona v. Marekani, 567 Marekani 387 (2012).
    64. Arizona v. Marekani, 567 Marekani 387 (2012).
    65. Julia Preston, “Arizona Tawala Tu Ufunguzi Nyembamba kwa nchi nyingine, "New York Times, 25 Juni 2012.
    66. Marekani v. Windsor, 570 Marekani 744 (2013).
    67. James Esseks. 2014. “OP-ed: Katika Wake of Windsor,” Juni 26. http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2...d-wake-windsor (Juni 24, 2015).
    68. South Dakota v. Dole, 483 Marekani 203 (1987).
    69. Frank Baumgartner na Bryan Jones. 1993. Agenda na kukosekana kwa utulivu katika Siasa ya Marekani. Chicago: Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago Press.
    70. Roe v. Wade, 410 Marekani 113 (1973).
    71. Elizabeth Nash et al. 2013. “Sheria zinazoathiri Afya na Haki za uzazi: Mapitio ya Sera ya Sera ya 2013.” http://www.guttmacher.org/statecente...ends42013.html (Juni 24, 2015).
    72. New State Ice Co v. Liebmann, 285 Marekani 262 (1932).
    73. Christine Vestal na Michael Ollove, “Kwa nini baadhi ya kubadilishana afya ya serikali kazi,” USA Today, 10 Desemba 2013.
    74. Rachel Frazin, “Zaidi States Kufuata California Kiongozi juu ya Gari Uzalishaji Viwango, "Hill, 28 Februari 2021, https://thehill.com/homenews/state-w...ions-standards.
    75. Jennifer Lawless. 2012. Kuwa Mgombea. New York: Cambridge University Press
    76. Justin McCarthy. 2014. “Wamarekani Bado Kuamini Zaidi ya Serikali ya Mitaa kuliko Jimbo,” Gallup, 8 Oktoba 2018, https://news.gallup.com/poll/243563/...overnment.aspx.
    77. Lydia Saad, “Tumaini katika Uwezo wa Serikali ya Shirikisho Bado Chini,” Gallup, 29 Septemba 2020, https://news.gallup.com/poll/321119/...mains-low.aspx.
    78. Marekani Ofisi ya Sensa. 2017. “Mapato ya Kaya ya Kati (katika Dola za Mfumuko wa bei za 2017.” Utafiti wa Jumuiya ya Marekani wa Mwaka wa 2017 Makadir https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/...prodType=table.
    79. Utawala wa Majimbo na Maeneo. 1 Juni 2018. “Matumizi ya Elimu kwa Mwanafunzi na Serikali.” http://www.governing.com/gov-data/ed...upil-data.html.
    80. Mfuko wa Madola. “Lengo la Juu: Matokeo kutoka kwa Scorecard juu ya Utendaji wa Mfumo wa Afya ya Serikali, 2014.” http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publ...tate-scorecard (Juni 24, 2015).
    81. Alexander Hertel-Fernandez. 2012. “Kwa nini Marekani ukosefu wa ajira Bima ni katika matatizo ya kifedha,” Februari. http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.o... _financing.pdf
    82. Matt Broaddus na Januari Angeles. 2012. “Serikali ya Shirikisho itachukua Karibu gharama zote za Upanuzi wa Mageuzi ya Afya Medicaid,” Machi 28. http://www.cbpp.org/research/federal...caid-expansion.
    83. “Hali ya Jimbo Medicaid Upanuzi Maamuzi: Interactive Map,” KKF, 7 Juni 2021, https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-b...teractive-map/.
    84. Shirikisho la Taifa la Biashara Independent v. Sebelius, 567 Marekani 519 (2012).
    85. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 Marekani 529 (2013).
    86. Mark Niesse, “Mabadiliko yanayojitokeza kwa Uchaguzi wa Georgia Saini kuwa Sheria,” Atlanta Journal-Katiba, 25 Machi 2021, https://www.ajc.com/politics/bill-ch...HTOBVEMTJLIT4/.