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41: Udhibiti wa Osmotic na Excretion

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    175598

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    To achieve a healthy balance, the human body should excrete the eight to ten glasses of water every day. This occurs via the processes of urination, defecation, sweating and, to a small extent, respiration. The organs and tissues of the human body are soaked in fluids that are maintained at constant temperature, pH, and solute concentration, all crucial elements of homeostasis. The solutes in body fluids are mainly mineral salts and sugars, and osmotic regulation is the process by which the mineral salts and water are kept in balance. Osmotic homeostasis is maintained despite the influence of external factors like temperature, diet, and weather conditions.

    • 41.0: Utangulizi wa Udhibiti wa Osmotic na Excretion
      Mapendekezo ya ulaji wa kila siku kwa matumizi ya maji ya binadamu ni glasi nane hadi kumi za maji. Ili kufikia usawa wa afya, mwili wa mwanadamu unapaswa kuondokana na glasi nane hadi kumi za maji kila siku. Hii hutokea kupitia mchakato wa kukimbia, defecation, jasho na, kwa kiasi kidogo, kupumua.
    • 41.1: Osmoregulation na usawa wa Osmotic
      Osmosis ni ugawanyiko wa maji kwenye membrane kwa kukabiliana na shinikizo la osmotic linasababishwa na usawa wa molekuli upande wowote wa membrane. Osmoregulation ni mchakato wa matengenezo ya usawa wa chumvi na maji (usawa wa osmotic) katika utando ndani ya maji ya mwili, ambayo yanajumuisha maji, pamoja na electrolytes na yasiyo ya electrolytes.
    • 41.2: Figo na Viungo vya Osmoregulatory
      Ingawa figo ni chombo kikubwa cha osmoregulatory, ngozi na mapafu pia huwa na jukumu katika mchakato. Maji na electrolytes hupotea kupitia tezi za jasho kwenye ngozi, ambayo husaidia moisturize na kuimarisha uso wa ngozi, wakati mapafu hufukuza kiasi kidogo cha maji kwa njia ya secretions za mucous na kupitia uvukizi wa mvuke wa maji.
    • 41.3: Mfumo wa Excretion
      Vijiumbe na wanyama wa uti wa mgongo hutumia taratibu za kwanza na rahisi za kuondokana na taka zao za kimetaboliki kuliko mfumo wa mamalia wa kazi ya figo na mkojo. Mifumo mitatu ya excretory ilibadilika katika viumbe kabla ya mafigo magumu: vacuoles, seli za moto, na tubules za Malpighian.
    • 41.4: Vita vya Nitrojeni
      Kati ya macromolecules kuu nne katika mifumo ya kibiolojia, protini zote na asidi za nucleic zina vyenye nitrojeni. Wakati wa catabolism, au kuvunjika, ya macromolecules zenye nitrojeni, kaboni, hidrojeni, na oksijeni hutolewa na kuhifadhiwa kwa namna ya wanga na mafuta. Nitrojeni ya ziada hutolewa kutoka kwa mwili. Taka za nitrojeni huwa na sumu ya amonia, ambayo huwafufua pH ya maji ya mwili.
    • 41.5: Udhibiti wa homoni wa Kazi za Osmoregulatory
      Wakati figo zinafanya kazi ili kudumisha usawa wa osmotic na shinikizo la damu katika mwili, pia hufanya tamasha na homoni. Homoni ni molekuli ndogo zinazofanya kazi kama wajumbe ndani ya mwili. Homoni ni kawaida secreted kutoka seli moja na kusafiri katika mfumo wa damu kuathiri seli lengo katika sehemu nyingine ya mwili. Mikoa tofauti ya nephron hubeba seli maalumu ambazo zina receptors kujibu wajumbe wa kemikali na homoni.
    • 41.E: Udhibiti wa Osmotic na Excretion (Mazoezi)

    Thumbnail: Sehemu ya msalaba wa figo. (CC NA 3.0; Holly Fischer kupitia Wikimedia Commons).