22.14.4: Sura ya 4

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equation ni uwiano wakati idadi sawa ya kila kipengele ni kuwakilishwa kwenye pande reactant na bidhaa. Ulinganifu lazima uwe na usawa wa kutafakari kwa usahihi sheria ya uhifadhi wa suala.

(a) ${PCL}_{5} (s) + H_{2} O (l) ⟶ {PoCl}_{3} (l) + 2 HCl (a q);$ (b) $3 Cu (s) + 8 {HAPANA}_{3} (a q) ⟶ 3 Cu {({HAPANA}_{3})}_{2} (a q) + 4 H_{2} O (l) + 2 HAPANA (g);$ (c) $H_{2} (g) + I_{2} (s) ⟶ 2 HI (s);$ (d) $4 Fe (s) + 3 O_{2} (g) ⟶ 2 {Fe}_{2} O_{3} (s);$ (e) $2 Na (s) + 2 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ 2 NaOH (a q) + H_{2} (g);$ (f) $({NH}_{4})_{2} {Cr}_{2} O_{7} (s) ⟶ {Cr}_{2} O_{3} (s) + N_{2} (g) + 4 H_{2} O (g);$ (g) $P_{4} (s) + 6 {Cl}_{2} (g) ⟶ 4 {PCL}_{3} (l);$ (h) ${PtCl}_{4} (s) ⟶ Pt (s) + 2 {Cl}_{2} (g)$

(a) ${CaCO}_{3} (s) ⟶ CaO (s) + {USHIRIKIANO}_{2} (g);$ (b) $2 C_{4} H_{10} (g) + 13 O_{2} (g) ⟶ 8 {USHIRIKIANO}_{2} (g) + 10 H_{2} O (g);$ (c) ${MgC1}_{2} (a q) + 2 NaOH (a q) ⟶ Mg {(OH)}_{2} (s) + 2 NaCl (a q);$ (d) $2 H_{2} O (g) + 2 Na (s) ⟶ 2 NaOH (s) + H_{2} (g)$

(a) Ba (NO ₃) ₂, kClo ₃; (b) $2 {KClo}_{3} (s) ⟶ 2 KCl (s) + 3 O_{2} (g);$ (c) $2 Ba {({HAPANA}_{3})}_{2} (s) ⟶ 2 BaO (s) + 2 N_{2} (g) + 5 O_{2} (g);$ (d) $2 Mg (s) + O_{2} (g) ⟶ 2 MgO (s);$ $4 Al (s) + 3 O_{2} (g) ⟶ 2 {Al}_{2} O_{3} (s);$ $4 Fe (s) + 3 O_{2} (g) ⟶ 2 {Fe}_{2} O_{3} (s)$

(a) $4 HF (a q) + {hivyo}_{2} (s) ⟶ {iF}_{4} (g) + 2 H_{2} O (l);$ (b) kamili equation ionic: $2 {Na}^{+} (a q) + 2 F^{-} (a q) + {Ca}^{2+} (a q) + 2 {Cl}^{-} (a q) ⟶ Ca F_{2} (s) + 2 {Na}^{+} (a q) + 2 {Cl}^{-} (a q),$ equation wavu ionic: $2 F^{-} (a q) + {Ca}^{2+} (a q) ⟶ {CaF}_{2} (s)$

11.

(a) $\begin{array}{l} 2 K^{+} (a q) + C_{2} O_{4}^{2} (a q) + {Ba}^{2+} (a q) + 2 {OH}^{-} (a q) ⟶ 2 K^{+} (a q) + 2 {OH}^{-} (a q) + {BaC}_{2} O_{4} (s) (kamili) \\ {Ba}^{2+} (a q) + C_{2} O_{4}^{2} (a q) ⟶ {BaC}_{2} O_{4} (s) (wavu) \end{array}$
(b) $\begin{array}{l} {Pb}^{2+} (a q) + 2 {HAPANA}_{3}^{-} (a q) + 2 H^{+} (a q) + {KWA HIVYO}_{4}^{2} (a q) ⟶ {PBSO}_{4} (s) + 2 H^{+} (a q) + 2 {HAPANA}_{3}^{-} (a q) (kamili) \\ {Pb}^{2+} (a q) + {KWA HIVYO}_{4}^{2} (a q) ⟶ {PBSO}_{4} (s) (wavu) \end{array}$
(c) $\begin{array}{l} {CaCO}_{3} (s) + 2 H^{+} (a q) + {KWA HIVYO}_{4}^{2} (a q) ⟶ {CasO}_{4} (s) + {USHIRIKIANO}_{2} (g) + H_{2} O (l) (kamili) \\ {CaCO}_{3} (s) + 2 H^{+} (a q) + {KWA HIVYO}_{4}^{2} (a q) ⟶ {CasO}_{4} (s) + {USHIRIKIANO}_{2} (g) + H_{2} O (l) (wavu) \end{array}$

13.

(a) kupunguza oxidation (kuongeza); (b) asidi-msingi (neutralization); (c) kupunguza oxidation (mwako)

15.

Ni mmenyuko wa kupunguza oxidation kwa sababu hali ya oxidation ya mabadiliko ya fedha wakati wa majibu.

17.

a) H +1, P +5, O -1; (b) Al +3, H +1, O -2; (c) Se +4, O -2; (d) K +1, N +3, O -2; (e) Katika +3, S -2; (f) P +3, O -2

19.

(a) asidi-msingi; (b) kupunguza oxidation: Na ni oxidized, H ⁺ imepunguzwa; (c) kupunguza oxidation: Mg ni oxidized, Cl ₂ imepunguzwa; (d) asidi-msingi; (e) kupunguza oxidation: P ^{3 -} ni oxidized, O ₂ imepunguzwa; (f) asidi-msingi

21.

(a) $2 HCl (g) + Ca {(OH)}_{2} (s) ⟶ {CaCl}_{2} (s) + 2 H_{2} O (l);$ (b) $Sr {(OH)}_{2} (a q) + 2 {HAPANA}_{3} (a q) ⟶ Sr {({HAPANA}_{3})}_{2} (a q) + 2 H_{2} O (l)$

23.

(a) $2 Al (s) + 3 F_{2} (g) ⟶ 2 {Alf}_{3} (s);$ (b) $2 Al (s) + 3 {CuBr}_{2} (a q) ⟶ 3 Cu (s) + 2 {AlBr}_{3} (a q);$ (c) $P_{4} (s) + 5 O_{2} (g) ⟶ P_{4} O_{10} (s);$ (d) $Ca (s) + 2 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ Ca {(OH)}_{2} (a q) + H_{2} (g)$

25.

(a) $Mg {(OH)}_{2} (s) + 2 {Chlo}_{4} (a q) ⟶ {Mg}^{2+} (a q) + 2 {ClO}_{4}^{-} (a q) + 2 H_{2} O (l);$ (b) ${KWA HIVYO}_{3} (g) + 2 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ H_{3} O^{+} (a q) + {HSO}_{4}^{-} (a q),$ (suluhisho la H ₂ SO ₄); (c) $SRo (s) + H_{2} {KWA HIVYO}_{4} (l) ⟶ {SRSO}_{4} (s) + H_{2} O$

27.

$H_{2} (g) + F_{2} (g) ⟶ 2HF (g)$

29.

$2nBr (a q) + {Cl}_{2} (g) ⟶ 2 NaCl (a q) + {Br}_{2} (l)$

31.

$2 LiOH (a q) + {USHIRIKIANO}_{2} (g) ⟶ {Li}_{2} {USHIRIKIANO}_{3} (a q) + H_{2} O (l)$

33.

(a) $Ca {(OH)}_{2} (s) + H_{2} S (g) ⟶ CA (s) + 2 H_{2} O (l);$ (b) ${Na}_{2} {USHIRIKIANO}_{3} (a q) + H_{2} S (g) ⟶ {Na}_{2} S (a q) + {USHIRIKIANO}_{2} (g) + H_{2} O (l)$

35.

(a) hatua ya 1: $N_{2} (g) + 3 H_{2} (g) ⟶ 2 {NH}_{3} (g),$ hatua ya 2: ${NH}_{3} (g) + {HAPANA}_{3} (a q) ⟶ {NH}_{4} {HAPANA}_{3} (a q) ⟶ {NH}_{4} {HAPANA}_{3} (s) (baada ya kukausha);$ (b) $H_{2} (g) + {Br}_{2} (l) ⟶ 2 HbR (g);$ (c) $Zn (s) + S (s) ⟶ ZNs (s)$ na $ZNs (s) + 2 HCl (a q) ⟶ {ZnCl}_{2} (a q) + H_{2} S (g)$

37.

(a) ${Sn}^{4+} (a q) + {2e}^{-} ⟶ {Sn}^{2+} (a q),$ (b) ${[Ag {({NH}_{3})}_{2}]}^{+} (a q) + e^{-} ⟶ Ag (s) + 2 {NH}_{3} (a q);$ (c) ${Hg}_{2} {Cl}_{2} (s) + 2 e^{-} ⟶ 2 Hg (l) + 2 {Cl}^{-} (a q);$ (d) $2 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ O_{2} (g) + 4 H^{+} (a q) + 4 e^{-};$ (e) $6 H_{2} O (l) + 2 {IO}_{3}^{-} (a q) + 10 e^{-} ⟶ I_{2} (s) + 12 {OH}^{-} (a q);$ (f) $H_{2} O (l) + {KWA HIVYO}_{3}^{2} (a q) ⟶ {KWA HIVYO}_{4}^{2} (a q) + 2 H^{+} (a q) + 2 e^{-};$ (g) $8 H^{+} (a q) + {Hapana}_{4}^{-} (a q) + 5 e^{-} ⟶ {Mn}^{2+} (a q) + 4 H_{2} O (l);$ (h) ${Cl}^{-} (a q) + 6 {OH}^{-} (a q) ⟶ Cl O_{3}^{-} (a q) + 3 H_{2} O (l) + 6 e^{-}$

39.

(a) ${Sn}^{2+} (a q) + 2 {Cu}^{2+} (a q) ⟶ {Sn}^{4+} (a q) + 2 {Cu}^{+} (a q);$ (b) $H_{2} S (g) + {Hg}_{2}^{2+} (a q) + 2 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ 2 Hg (l) + S (s) + 2 H_{3} O^{+} (a q);$ (c) $5 {CN}^{-} (a q) + 2 {ClO}_{2} (a q) + 3 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ 5 {CNO}^{-} (a q) + 2 {Cl}^{-} (a q) + 2 H_{3} O^{+} (a q);$ (d) ${Fe}^{2+} (a q) + {Ce}^{4+} (a q) ⟶ {Fe}^{3+} (a q) + {Ce}^{3+} (a q);$ (e) $2 Bro (a q) + 2 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ 2 H_{3} O^{+} (a q) + 2 {Br}^{-} (a q) + O_{2} (g)$

41.

(a) $2 {Hapana}_{4}^{-} (a q) + {3HAKUNA}_{2}^{-} (a q) + H_{2} O (l) ⟶ 2 {Hapana}_{2} (s) + 3 {HAPANA}_{3}^{-} (a q) + 2 {OH}^{-} (a q);$ (b) $3 {Hapana}_{4}^{2} (a q) + 2 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ 2 {Hapana}_{4}^{-} (a q) + 4 {OH}^{-} (a q) + {Hapana}_{2} (s) (katika msingi);$ (c) ${Br}_{2} (l) + {KWA HIVYO}_{2} (g) + 2 H_{2} O (l) ⟶ 4 H^{+} (a q) + 2 {Br}^{-} (a q) + {KWA HIVYO}_{4}^{2} (a q)$

43.

(a) 0.435 ml Na, 0.217 ml Cl ₂, 15.4 g Cl ₂; (b) 0.005780 ml Go, 2.890 $\times$ 10 ^—3 mold O ₂, 9.248 $\times$ 10 ^-2 g O ₂; (c) 8.00 mol NaNano ₃, 6.8 $\times$ 10 ² g NaNano ₃; (d) 1665 mol CO ₂, 73.3 kg CO ₂; (e) 18.86 mol CUO, 2.330 kg CUCO ₃; (f) 0.4580 mol C ₂ H ₄ rubles ₂, 86.05 g C ₂ H ₄ rubles ₂

45.

(a) 0.0686 mol Mg, 1.67 g Mg; (b) 2.701 $\times$ 10 ^-3 mL O ₂, 0.08644 g O ₂; (c) 6.43 mL MgCo ₃, 542 g MgCo ₃ (d) 768 mL H ₂ O, 13.8 kg H ₂ O; (e) 16.31 mol BaO ₂, 2762 g BaO ₂; (f) 0.207 mol C ₂ H ₄, 5.81 g C ₂ H ₄

47.

(a) $ufumbuzi wa hCl kiasi ⟶ mol HCl ⟶ {mol gACl}_{3};$ (b) 1.25 mol GaCl ₃, 2.2 $\times$ 10 ^{- 2} g Gacl ₃

49.

(a) 5.337 $\times$ 10 molekuli ²²; (b) 10.41 g Zn (CN) ₂

51.

${hivyo}_{2} + 3 C ⟶ sic + 2 USHIRIKIANO,$ 4.50 kilo ISO ₂

53.

5.00 $\times$ 10 ^{- kilo 3}

55.

1.28 $\times$ 10 ^{- 5} g CO ₂

57.

161.4 mL KI ufumbuzi

59.

176 g kwa ₂

61.

Reactant kikwazo ni Cl2.

63.

$Asilimia mavuno = 31%$

65.

$g {cCl}_{4} ⟶ mol {cCl}_{4} ⟶ mol {cCl}_{2} F_{2} ⟶ g {cCl}_{2} F_{2},$ $asilimia mavuno = 48.3%$

67.

$asilimia mavuno = 91.3%$

69.

Geuza wingi wa ethanol kwa moles ya ethanol; kuhusisha moles ya ethanol kwa moles ya ether zinazozalishwa kwa kutumia stoichiometry ya equation uwiano. Badilisha moles ya ether kwa gramu; kugawanya gramu halisi ya ether (kuamua kupitia wiani) na molekuli ya kinadharia kuamua mavuno ya asilimia; 87.6%

71.

Uongofu unahitajika ni $mold gari ⟶ mol H_{3} {PO}_{4} .$ Kisha kulinganisha kiasi cha Cr kwa kiasi cha asidi sasa. Cr ni mmenyuko wa kikwazo.

73.

Na ₂ C ₂ the ₄ ni kikwazo majibu. asilimia mavuno = 86.56%

75.

Molekuli nne tu zinaweza kufanywa.

77.

Kiasi hiki hakiwezi kupimwa na mizani ya kawaida na haina maana.

79.

3.4 $\times$ 10 ^—3 M H ₂ HIVYO ₄

81.

9.6 $\times$ 10 ^1-3 M Cl ^-

83.

22.4%

85.

Fomu ya upimaji ni BH ₃. Fomu ya Masi ni B ₂ H ₆.

87.

49.6 ml

89.

13.64 ml

91.

0.0122 M

93.

34.99 ml KOH

95.

Fomu ya upimaji ni Wcl ₄.