22.1: Jedwali la Mara kwa mara

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Nov 1, 2022
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- 22: Viambatisho
- 22.2: Hisabati muhimu

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Jedwali la Mara kwa mara la Elements linaonyeshwa. Nguzo 18 zimeandikwa “Kikundi” na safu 7 zimeandikwa “Kipindi.” Chini ya meza upande wa kulia ni sanduku linaloitwa “Kanuni ya Rangi” yenye rangi tofauti kwa metali, metalloids, na nonmetali, pamoja na yabisi, vinywaji, na gesi. Kwa upande wa kushoto wa sanduku hili ni picha iliyoenea ya sanduku la juu la kushoto zaidi kwenye meza. Nambari ya 1 iko kwenye kona yake ya juu kushoto na inaitwa “Nambari ya atomiki.” Barua “H” iko katikati katika nyekundu inayoonyesha kuwa ni gesi. Inaitwa “Ishara.” Chini hiyo ni namba 1.008 ambayo inaitwa “Misa ya Atomiki.” Chini ya hayo ni neno hidrojeni ambalo linaitwa “jina.” Rangi ya sanduku inaonyesha kuwa ni nonmetal. Kila elementi itaelezewa kwa utaratibu huu: namba atomia; jina; ishara; ikiwa ni chuma, metaloidi, au nonmetali; ikiwa ni imara, kiowevu, au gesi; na masi ya atomia. Kuanzia upande wa juu kushoto wa meza, au kipindi cha 1, kikundi cha 1, ni sanduku lenye “1; hidrojeni; H; nonmetali; gesi; na 1.008.” Kuna sanduku moja tu la elementi nyingine katika kipindi cha 1, kikundi cha 18, ambacho kina “2; heliamu; H e; nonmetali; gesi; na 4.003.” Kipindi cha 2, kikundi 1 kina “3; lithiamu; L i; chuma; imara; na 6.94” Kundi la 2 lina “4; beryllium; B e; chuma; imara; na 9.012.” Vikundi 3 hadi 12 vinapigwa na kikundi 13 kina “5; boroni; B; metaloidi; imara; 10.81.” Kikundi cha 14 kina “6; kaboni; C; nonmetal; imara; na 12.01.” Kikundi cha 15 kina “7; nitrojeni; N; nonmetal; gesi; na 14.01.” Kundi la 16 lina “8; oksijeni; The; nonmetal; gesi; na 16.00.” Kikundi cha 17 kina “9; fluorine; F; nonmetal; gesi; na 19.00.” Kikundi cha 18 kina “10; neon; N e; nonmetal; gesi; na 20.18.” Kipindi cha 3, kikundi 1 kina “11; sodiamu; N a; chuma; imara; na 22.99.” Kikundi cha 2 kina “12; magnesiamu; M g; chuma; imara; na 24.31.” Vikundi 3 hadi 12 vinapigwa tena katika kipindi cha 3 na kikundi 13 kina “13; alumini; L; chuma; imara; na 26.98.” Kundi la 14 lina “14; silicon; S i; metalloid; imara; na 28.09.” Kikundi cha 15 kina “15; fosforasi; P; nonmetal; imara; na 30.97.” Kundi la 16 lina “16; sulfuri; S; nonmetal; imara; na 32.06.” Kikundi cha 17 kina “17; klorini; C l; nonmetal; gesi; na 35.45.” Kundi la 18 lina “18; Argon; r; nonmetal; gesi; na 39.95.” Kipindi cha 4, kikundi 1 kina “19; potasiamu; K; chuma; imara; na 39.10.” Kikundi cha 2 kina “20; kalsiamu; C a; chuma; imara; na 40.08.” Kikundi cha 3 kina “21; scandium; S c; chuma; imara; na 44.96.” Kikundi cha 4 kina “22; titani; T i; chuma; imara; na 47.87.” Kikundi cha 5 kina “23; vanadium; V; chuma; imara; na 50.94.” Kikundi cha 6 kina “24; chromium; C r; chuma; imara; na 52.00.” Kikundi cha 7 kina “25; manganese; M n; chuma; imara; na 54.94.” Kikundi cha 8 kina “26; chuma; F e; chuma; imara; na 55.85.” Kikundi cha 9 kina “27; cobalt; C o; chuma; imara; na 58.93.” Kikundi cha 10 kina “28; nickel; N i; chuma; imara; na 58.69.” Kundi la 11 lina “29; shaba; C u; chuma; imara; na 63.55.” Kikundi cha 12 kina “30; zinki; Z n; chuma; imara; na 65.38.” Kundi la 13 lina “31; gallium; G a; chuma; imara; na 69.72.” Kundi la 14 lina “32; germanium; G e; metaloidi; imara; na 72.63.” Kikundi cha 15 kina “33; arsenic; A s; metalloid; imara; na 74.92.” Kundi la 16 lina “34; seleniamu; S e; nonmetal; imara; na 78.97.” Kundi la 17 lina “35; bromini; B r; nonmetal; kioevu; na 79.90.” Kundi la 18 lina “36; kryptoni; K r; nonmetal; gesi; na 83.80.” Kipindi cha 5, kikundi 1 kina “37; rubidium; R b; chuma; imara; na 85.47.” Kundi la 2 lina “38; strontium; S r; chuma; imara; na 87.62.” Kikundi cha 3 kina “39; yttrium; Y; chuma; imara; na 88.91.” Kikundi cha 4 kina “40; zirconium; Z r; chuma; imara; na 91.22.” Kikundi cha 5 kina “41; niobium; N b; chuma; imara; na 92.91.” Kikundi cha 6 kina “42; molybdenum; M o; chuma; imara; na 95.95.” Kikundi cha 7 kina “43; technetium; T c; chuma; imara; na 97.” Kikundi cha 8 kina “44; ruthenium; R u; chuma; imara; na 101.1.” Kikundi cha 9 kina “45; rhodium; R h; chuma; imara; na 102.9.” Kikundi cha 10 kina “46; palladium; P d; chuma; imara; na 106.4.” Kikundi cha 11 kina “47; fedha; g; chuma; imara; na 107.9.” Kikundi cha 12 kina “48; cadmium; C d; chuma; imara; na 112.4.” Kikundi cha 13 kina “49; indium; I n; chuma; imara; na 114.8.” Kikundi cha 14 kina “50; bati; S n; chuma; imara; na 118.7.” Kundi la 15 lina “51; antimoni; S b; metaloidi; imara; na 121.8.” Kundi la 16 lina “52; tellurium; T e; metaloidi; imara; na 127.6.” Kikundi cha 17 kina “53; iodini; mimi; nonmetal; imara; na 126.9.” Kikundi cha 18 kina “54; xenon; X e; nonmetal; gesi; na 131.3.” Kipindi cha 6, kikundi 1 kina “55; cesium; C s; chuma; imara; na 132.9.” Kikundi cha 2 kina “56; bariamu; B a; chuma; imara; na 137.3.” Kikundi cha 3 huvunja muundo. Sanduku lina mshale mkubwa unaoelekeza safu ya elementi chini ya meza yenye namba atomia kuanzia 57-71. Kwa utaratibu wa usawa na namba ya atomiki, sanduku la kwanza katika mstari huu lina “57; lanthanum; L a; chuma; imara; na 138.9.” Kwa haki yake, ijayo ni “58; cerium; C e; chuma; imara; na 140.1.” Ifuatayo ni “59; praseodymium; P r; chuma; imara; na 140.9.” Ifuatayo ni “60; neodymium; N d; chuma; imara; na 144.2.” Ifuatayo ni “61; promethiamu; P m; chuma; imara; na 145.” Ifuatayo ni “62; samarium; S m; chuma; imara; na 150.4.” Ifuatayo ni “63; europium; E u; chuma; imara; na 152.0.” Ifuatayo ni “64; gadolinium; G d; chuma; imara; na 157.3.” Ifuatayo ni “65; terbium; T b; chuma; imara; na 158.9.” Ifuatayo ni “66; dysprosium; D y; chuma; imara; na 162.5.” Ifuatayo ni “67; holmium; H o; chuma; imara; na 164.9.” Ifuatayo ni “68; erbium; E r; chuma; imara; na 167.3.” Ifuatayo ni “69; thuliamu; T m; chuma; imara; na 168.9.” Ifuatayo ni “70; ytterbium; Y b; chuma; imara; na 173.1.” Mwisho katika mstari huu maalum ni “71; lutetium; L u; chuma; imara; na 175.0.” Kuendelea katika kipindi cha 6, kikundi cha 4 kina “72; hafnium; H f; chuma; imara; na 178.5.” Kundi la 5 lina “73; tantalum; T a; chuma; imara; na 180.9.” Kikundi cha 6 kina “74; tungsten; W; chuma; imara; na 183.8.” Kikundi cha 7 kina “75; rhenium; R e; chuma; imara; na 186.2.” Kikundi cha 8 kina “76; osmium; O s; chuma; imara; na 190.2.” Group 9 ina “77; iridium; I r; chuma; imara; na 192.2.” Kikundi cha 10 kina “78; platinamu; P t; chuma; imara; na 195.1.” Kikundi cha 11 kina “79; dhahabu; u; chuma; imara; na 197.0.” Kikundi cha 12 kina “80; zebaki; H g; chuma; kioevu; na 200.6.” Kikundi cha 13 kina “81; thallium; T l; chuma; imara; na 204.4.” Kikundi cha 14 kina “82; risasi; P b; chuma; imara; na 207.2.” Kikundi cha 15 kina “83; bismuth; B i; chuma; imara; na 209.0.” Kundi la 16 lina “84; polonium; P o; chuma; imara; na 209.” Group 17 ina “85; astatine; t; metalloid; imara; na 210.” Kundi la 18 lina “86; radoni; R n; nonmetal; gesi; na 222.” Kipindi cha 7, kikundi 1 kina “87; francium; F r; chuma; imara; na 223.” Kundi la 2 lina “88; radium; R a; chuma; imara; na 226.” Kikundi cha 3 huvunja muundo kama kile kinachotokea katika kipindi cha 6. Mshale mkubwa unaonyesha kutoka sanduku katika kipindi cha 7, kikundi cha 3 hadi safu maalumu iliyo na elementi zenye namba atomia kuanzia 89-103, chini ya mstari ambao una namba atomia 57-71. Kwa utaratibu wa usawa na namba ya atomiki, sanduku la kwanza katika mstari huu lina “89; actinium; C; chuma; imara; na 227.” Kwa haki yake, ijayo ni “90; thorium; T h; chuma; imara; na 232.0.” Ifuatayo ni “91; protactinium; P a; chuma; imara; na 231.0.” Ifuatayo ni “92; uranium; U; chuma; imara; na 238.0.” Ifuatayo ni “93; neptunium; N p; chuma; imara; na N p.” Ifuatayo ni “94; plutonium; P u; chuma; imara; na 244.” Ifuatayo ni “95; americium; m; chuma; imara; na 243.” Ifuatayo ni “96; curium; C m; chuma; imara; na 247.” Ifuatayo ni “97; berkelium; B k; chuma; imara; na 247.” Ifuatayo ni “98; californium; C f; chuma; imara; na 251.” Ifuatayo ni “99; einsteinium; E s; chuma; imara; na 252.” Ifuatayo ni “100; fermium; F m; chuma; imara; na 257.” Ifuatayo ni “101; mendelevium; M d; chuma; imara; na 258.” Ifuatayo ni “102; nobeliamu; N o; chuma; imara; na 259.” Mwisho katika mstari huu maalum ni “103; lawrencium; L r; chuma; imara; na 262.” Kuendelea katika kipindi cha 7, kikundi cha 4 kina “104; rutherfordium; R f; chuma; imara; na 267.” Kikundi cha 5 kina “105; dubnium; D b; chuma; imara; na 270.” Kikundi cha 6 kina “106; seaborgium; S g; chuma; imara; na 271.” Kikundi cha 7 kina “107; bohrium; B h; chuma; imara; na 270.” Kikundi cha 8 kina “108; hasiamu; H s; chuma; imara; na 277.” Kikundi cha 9 kina “109; meitnerium; M t; haijaonyeshwa; imara; na 276.” Group 10 ina “110; darmstadtium; D s; haijaonyeshwa; imara; na 281.” Kikundi cha 11 kina “111; roentgenium; R g; haijaonyeshwa; imara; na 282.” Kundi la 12 lina “112; copernicium; C n; chuma; kioevu; na 285.” Kundi la 13 lina “113; ununtrium; U u t; haijaonyeshwa; imara; na 285.” Kikundi cha 14 kina “114; flerovium; F l; haijaonyeshwa; imara; na 289.” Kikundi cha 15 kina “115; ununpentium; U u p; haionyeshwa; imara; na 288.” Kundi 16 lina “116; livermorium; L v; haijaonyeshwa; imara; na 293.” Kundi la 17 lina “117; ununseptium; U s; haionyeshwa; imara; na 294.” Kikundi cha 18 kina “118; ununountium; U o; haijaonyeshwa; imara; na 294.”

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