18.14: Masharti muhimu

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asidi anhidridi: kiwanja kwamba humenyuka na maji na kuunda asidi au ufumbuzi tindikali

alkali ardhi chuma: yoyote ya metali (beryllium, magnesiamu, kalsiamu, strontium, bariamu, na radium) wanaomiliki kundi la 2 la meza ya mara kwa mara; wao ni tendaji, metali divalent ambayo huunda oksidi za msingi

allotropes: aina mbili au zaidi ya kipengele hicho, katika hali hiyo ya kimwili, na miundo tofauti ya kemikali

kidude: nyenzo imara kama kioo ambacho hazina sehemu ya kurudia mara kwa mara kwa muundo wake wa tatu-dimensional; imara lakini si kioo

anhidridi ya msingi: chuma oxide kwamba tabia kama msingi kuelekea asidi

bicarbonate anion: chumvi ya ioni ya carbonate ya hidrojeni, ${HCO}_{3}^{-}$

bismuth: nzito mwanachama wa kundi 15; chuma chini tendaji kuliko metali nyingine mwakilishi

borate: kiwanja zenye vifungo boroni-oksijeni, kwa kawaida na makundi au minyororo kama sehemu ya muundo wa kemikali

kaboni: chumvi ya anion ${USHIRIKIANO}_{3}^{2};$ mara nyingi hutengenezwa na mmenyuko wa dioksidi kaboni na besi

kupunguza kemikali: njia ya kuandaa chuma mwakilishi kwa kutumia wakala kupunguza

mchakato wa klori-alkali: mchakato wa electrolysis kwa ajili ya awali ya klorini na hidroksidi ya

mmenyuko wa kutofautiana: mmenyuko wa kemikali ambapo reactant moja ni wakati huo huo kupunguzwa na oxidized; ni wakala wa kupunguza na wakala wa oxidizing

Downs kiini: electrochemical kiini kutumika kwa ajili ya maandalizi ya kibiashara ya metali sodium (na klorini) kutoka kuyeyuka sodiamu

Mchakato wa Frasch: muhimu katika madini ya kiberiti bure kutoka amana kubwa chini ya ardhi

Mchakato wa Haber: mchakato mkuu wa viwanda uliotumiwa kuzalisha amonia kutoka nitrojeni na hidrojeni; inahusisha matumizi ya kichocheo cha chuma na joto la juu na shinikizo

halidi: kiwanja kilicho na anion ya kipengele cha kikundi 17 katika hali ya oksidi ya 1 (fluoride, F ^-; kloridi, ^{Cl -}; bromidi^{, Br -}; na iodidi, I ^-)

Hall—Héroult kiini: vifaa vya electrolysis vinavyotumiwa kutenganisha chuma safi cha alumini kutoka suluhisho la alumini katika cryolite iliyoyeyuka

kaboni hidrojeni: chumvi ya asidi kaboni, H ₂ CO ₃ (zenye anion ${HCO}_{3}^{-})$ ambayo atomi moja ya hidrojeni imebadilishwa; carbonate asidi; pia inajulikana kama ioni ya bicarbonate

halidi ya hidrojeni: binary kiwanja sumu kati ya hidrojeni na halojeni: HF, HCl, HbR, na HI

sulfate ya hid: ${HSO}_{4}^{-}$ ioni

sulfite hidrojeni: ${HSO}_{3}^{-}$ ioni

HYDROGENATION: kuongeza ya hidrojeni (H ₂) ili kupunguza kiwanja

hydroxide: kiwanja cha chuma na ion ya hidroksidi ^{OH -} au kikundi -OH

interhalogen: kiwanja sumu kutoka halogens mbili au zaidi tofauti

chuma (mwakilishi): atomi ya vipengele vya metali ya makundi 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, na 16, ambayo huunda misombo ya ionic kwa kupoteza elektroni kutoka kwa s zao za nje au p

metaloidi: kipengele ambacho kina mali ambazo ni kati ya zile za metali na nonmetals; mambo haya ni kawaida semiconductors

nitreti: ${HAPANA}_{3}^{-}$ ion; chumvi ya asidi ya nitriki

nitrojeni fixation: malezi ya misombo nitrojeni kutoka nitrojeni Masi

Mchakato wa Ostwald: mchakato wa viwanda kutumika kubadili amonia katika asidi nitriki

oksidi: binary kiwanja cha oksijeni na kipengele kingine au kikundi, kwa kawaida zenye O ^2- ions au kundi -O— au =O

ozoni: allotrope ya oksijeni; O ₃

passivation: metali yenye filamu isiyo ya kinga ya oksidi au kiwanja kingine ambacho kinajenga kizuizi kwa athari za kemikali; kuondolewa kimwili au kemikali ya filamu ya kupitisha inaruhusu metali kuonyesha reactivity yao ya kemikali inayotarajiwa

peroksidi: molekuli zenye atomi oksijeni mbili Bonded pamoja au kama anion, $O_{2}^{2}$

usanidimwanga: mchakato ambapo nishati ya mwanga inakuza mmenyuko wa maji na dioksidi kaboni kuunda wanga na oksijeni; hii inaruhusu viumbe vya photosynthetic kuhifadhi nishati

Mchakato wa njiwa: mchakato wa kupunguza kemikali kutumika kuzalisha magnesiamu kupitia mmenyuko mafuta ya oksidi magnesiamu na silicon

polymorph: tofauti katika muundo fuwele kwamba matokeo katika mali mbalimbali ya kimwili kwa ajili ya kiwanja kusababisha

kipengele cha mwakilishi: kipengele ambapo orbitals s na p ni kujaza

mwakilishi wa chuma: chuma kati ya mambo ya mwakilishi

silicate: kiwanja kilicho na vifungo vya silicon-oksijeni, na tetrahedra ya silicate iliyounganishwa kwenye pete, karatasi, au mitandao mitatu, kulingana na mambo mengine yanayohusika katika malezi ya misombo

sulfate: ${KWA HIVYO}_{4}^{2}$ ioni

sulfiti: ${KWA HIVYO}_{3}^{2}$ ioni

superoxide: oksidi iliyo na anion $O_{2}^{-}$