14.9: Masharti muhimu
- Page ID
- 188446
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\(\newcommand{\longvect}{\overrightarrow}\)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- ionization asidi
- mmenyuko unaohusisha uhamisho wa proton kutoka asidi hadi maji, kutoa ions hydronium na msingi wa conjugate wa asidi
- asidi ionization mara kwa mara (K a)
- mara kwa mara ya usawa kwa mmenyuko wa ionization asidi
- kiashiria cha asidi-msingi
- asidi dhaifu au msingi ambaye mpenzi anayejumuisha hutoa rangi tofauti ya ufumbuzi; kutumika katika tathmini za visu za ufumbuzi pH
- tindikali
- ufumbuzi ambao [H 3 O +] > [OH -]
- amphiprotic
- aina ambayo inaweza ama kuchangia au kukubali protoni katika mmenyuko Bronsted-Lowry asidi-msingi
- amphoteric
- aina ambayo inaweza kutenda kama asidi au msingi
- autoionization
- mmenyuko kati ya aina zinazofanana hutoa bidhaa za ionic; kwa maji, mmenyuko huu unahusisha uhamisho wa protoni ili kuzalisha ioni za hidronium na hidroksidi
- ionization ya msingi
- majibu yanayohusisha uhamisho wa proton kutoka maji hadi msingi, kutoa ions hidroksidi na asidi conjugate ya msingi
- msingi wa ionization mara kwa mara (K b)
- mara kwa mara ya usawa kwa mmenyuko wa msingi wa ionization
- msingi
- suluhisho ambalo [H 3 O +] <[ OH ∙]
- Asidi ya Brønsted-Lowry
- proton wafadhili
- Msingi wa Brønsted-Lowry
- mpokeaji wa protoni
- bafa
- mchanganyiko wa kiasi appreciable ya dhaifu asidi-msingi jozi pH ya buffer resists mabadiliko wakati kiasi kidogo cha asidi au msingi ni aliongeza.
- uwezo wa buffer
- kiasi cha asidi au msingi ambayo inaweza kuongezwa kwa kiasi cha suluhisho la buffer kabla ya pH yake inabadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa (kwa kawaida kwa kitengo kimoja cha pH)
- muda wa mabadiliko ya rangi
- mbalimbali katika pH ambayo mabadiliko ya rangi ya kiashiria yanazingatiwa
- asidi conjugate
- Dutu sumu wakati msingi faida proton
- msingi wa conjugate
- Dutu sumu wakati asidi hupoteza proton
- asidi ya diprotic
- asidi zenye atomi mbili ionizable hidrojeni kwa molekuli
- msingi wa diprotic
- msingi uwezo wa kukubali protons mbili
- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
- toleo la logarithmic ya ionization asidi kujieleza mara kwa mara, kwa urahisi formatted kwa ajili ya kuhesabu pH ya ufumbuzi buffer
- ion-bidhaa mara kwa mara kwa maji (K w)
- mara kwa mara ya usawa kwa autoionization ya maji
- athari ya kupima kiwango
- uchunguzi kwamba nguvu ya asidi-msingi ya solutes katika kutengenezea iliyotolewa ni mdogo kwa ile ya asidi ya tabia na aina ya msingi ya kutengenezea (katika maji, hidronium na ions hidroksidi, kwa mtiririko huo)
- asidi monoprotic
- asidi zenye atomi moja ionizable hidrojeni kwa molekuli
- upande wowote
- inaelezea suluhisho ambalo [H 3 O +] = [OH -]
- oxyacid
- ternary kiwanja na mali tindikali, molekuli ambayo yana kati nonmetallic atomi bonded na moja au zaidi O atomi, angalau moja ambayo ni Bonded kwa ionizable H atomi
- asilimia ionization
- uwiano wa mkusanyiko wa asidi ionized kwa mkusanyiko wa asidi ya awali walionyesha kama asilimia
- pH
- kipimo cha logarithmic ya mkusanyiko wa ions hydronium katika suluhisho
- oH
- kipimo cha logarithmic ya mkusanyiko wa ions hidroksidi katika suluhisho
- ionization hatua kwa hatua
- mchakato ambao asidi polyprotic ni ionized kwa kupoteza protoni sequentially
- Curve ya titration
- njama ya baadhi ya mali sampuli (kama vile pH) dhidi ya kiasi cha titrant aliongeza
- asidi triprotiki
- asidi ambayo ina atomi tatu ionizable hidrojeni kwa molekuli