7.1: Utangulizi
- Page ID
- 188863
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
Imejulikana kwa muda mrefu kuwa kaboni safi hutokea kwa aina tofauti (allotropes) ikiwa ni pamoja na grafiti na almasi. Lakini haikuwa mpaka 1985 kwamba aina mpya ya kaboni ilitambuliwa: buckminsterfullerene. Molekuli hii ilikuwa jina baada ya mbunifu na mvumbuzi R. Buckminster Fuller (1895—1983), ambaye saini usanifu design ilikuwa kuba geodesic, sifa ya kimiani shell muundo kusaidia uso spherical. Ushahidi wa majaribio umebaini formula, C 60, na kisha wanasayansi kuamua jinsi 60 carbon atomi inaweza kuunda moja symmetric, imara molekuli. Waliongozwa na nadharia ya bonding-mada ya sura hii-ambayo inaeleza jinsi atomi za mtu binafsi zinavyoungana ili kuunda miundo tata zaidi.