3.S：干扰（摘要）

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关键条款

相干波	波是同相的或者有明确的相位关系
边缘	明暗的干扰模式
不连贯	波浪具有随机相位关系
干涉仪	利用波浪干扰进行测量的仪器
单色	仅由一个波长组成的光
牛顿环	圆形干涉图案是由两个表面之间有轻微间隙而从两个表面反射的光之间的干扰而产生的
订购	在方程中使用的整数 m 表示双狭缝的构造干扰和破坏性干扰
本金最大值	看到的最亮的干扰条纹，有多个缝隙
次要最大值	强度低于主最大值的明亮干扰条纹
薄膜干扰	从薄膜不同表面反射的光之间的干扰

关键方程

建设性干预	\(\Delta l = m\lambda\)，对于 m = 0、±1、±2、±3...
破坏性干扰	\(\Delta l = (m + \frac{1}{2})\lambda\)，对于 m = 0、±1、±2、±3...
波浪从两个狭缝到屏幕上公共点的路径长度差	\(\Delta l = d \, sin \, \theta\)
建设性干预	\(d \, sin \, \theta = m \lambda\)，对于 m = 0、±1、±2、±3...
破坏性干扰	\(d \, sin \, \theta = (m + \frac{1}{2})\lambda\)，对于 m = 0、±1、±2、±3...
从中心最大值到第 m 个亮条纹的距离	\(y_m = \frac{m\lambda D}{d}\)
由迈克尔逊干涉仪测量的位移	\(\Delta d = m \frac{\lambda_0}{2}\)

摘要

3.1: Young 的双缝干扰

杨的双缝实验明确证明了光的波浪特征。
干涉图案是通过叠加来自两个狭缝的光来获得的。

3.2: 干扰数学

在双缝衍射中，当\(dsinθ=mλ\) (for\(m=0,±1,±2,±3…\)) 时会发生构造干扰，其中 d 是狭缝之间的距离，\(θ\)是相对于入射方向的角度，m 是干涉顺序。
在以下情况下会发生\(dsinθ=(m+\frac{1}{2})λ\)破坏性干扰\(m=0,±1,±2,±3,…\)