31.11: 化学元素（附录 K）
- Page ID
- 202823
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)| 元素 | 符号 | 原子数 | 原子量 1 | 宇宙中天然存在的元素的百分比 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 氢气 | H | 1 | 1.008 | 75 |
| 氦气 | 他 | 2 | 4.003 | 23 |
| 锂 | 李 | 3 | 6.94 | 6×10 −7 |
| Beryllium | 是 | 4 | 9.012 | 1×10 −7 |
| 硼 | B | 5 | 10.821 | 1×10 −7 |
| 碳 | C | 6 | 12.011 | 0.5 |
| 氮气 | N | 7 | 14.007 | 0.1 |
| 氧气 | O | 8 | 15.999 | 1 |
| 氟 | F | 9 | 18.998 | 4×10 −5 |
| 霓虹灯 | Ne | 10 | 20.180 | 0.13 |
| 钠 | 娜 | 11 | 22.990 | 0.002 |
| 镁 | 镁 | 12 | 24.305 | 0.06 |
| 铝 | 阿尔 | 13 | 26.982 | 0.005 |
| 硅 | Si | 14 | 28.085 | 0.07 |
| 磷 | P | 15 | 30.974 | 7×10 −4 |
| 硫 | S | 16 | 32.06 | 0.05 |
| 氯气 | Cl | 17 | 35.45 | 1×10 −4 |
| 氩气 | Ar | 18 | 39.948 | 0.02 |
| 钾 | K | 19 | 39.098 | 3×10 −4 |
| 钙 | Ca | 20 | 40.078 | 0.007 |
| Scandium | Sc | 21 | 44.956 | 3×10 −6 |
| 钛 | 钛 | 22 | 47.867 | 3×10 −4 |
| 钒 | V | 23 | 50.942 | 3×10 −4 |
| 铬 | Cr | 24 | 51.996 | 0.0015 |
| 锰 | 锰 | 25 | 54.938 | 8×10 −4 |
| 铁 | 铁 | 26 | 55.845 | 0.11 |
| 钴 | 有限公司 | 27 | 58.933 | 3×10 −4 |
| 镍 | 妮 | 28 | 58.693 | 0.006 |
| 铜 | 铜 | 29 | 63.546 | 6×10 −6 |
| 锌 | 锌 | 30 | 65.38 | 3×10 −5 |
| 镓 | Ga | 31 | 69.723 | 1×10 −6 |
| 锗 | Ge | 32 | 72.630 | 2×10 −5 |
| 砷 | 正如 | 33 | 74.922 | 8×10 −7 |
| 硒 | Se | 34 | 78.971 | 3×10 −6 |
| 溴素 | Br | 35 | 79.904 | 7×10 −7 |
| 氪 | Kr | 36 | 83.798 | 4×10 −6 |
| Rubidium | Rb | 37 | 85.468 | 1×10 −6 |
| '锶盐 | 先生 | 38 | 87.62 | 4×10 −6 |
| 钇粉 | Y | 39 | 88.906 | 7×10 −7 |
| 锆 | Zr | 40 | 91.224 | 5×10 −6 |
| 铌粉 | 注意 | 41 | 92.906 | 2×10 −7 |
| 钼 | Mo | 42 | 95.95 | 5×10 −7 |
| Technetium | Tc | 43 | (98) | — |
| 钌粉 | Ru | 44 | 101.07 | 4×10 −7 |
| 铑 | Rh | 45 | 102.906 | 6×10 −8 |
| 钯 | Pd | 46 | 106.42 | 2×10 −7 |
| 银 | Ag | 47 | 107.868 | 6×10 −8 |
| 镉 | Cd | 48 | 112.414 | 2×10 −7 |
| Indium | 在 | 49 | 114.818 | 3×10 −8 |
| 锡 | 太阳 | 50 | 118.710 | 4×10 −7 |
| 锑 | Sb | 51 | 121.760 | 4×10 −8 |
| 钍 | Te | 52 | 127.60 | 9×10 −7 |
| 碘 | 我 | 53 | 126.904 | 1×10 −7 |
| 氙 | Xe | 54 | 131.293 | 1×10 −6 |
| 铯盐 | Cs | 55 | 132.905 | 8×10 −8 |
| 钡 | Ba | 56 | 137.327 | 1×10 −6 |
| 镧盐 | 啦 | 57 | 138.905 | 2×10 −7 |
| Cerium | Ce | 58 | 140.116 | 1×10 −6 |
| Praseodymium | Pr | 59 | 140.907 | 2×10 −7 |
| 钕 | Nd | 60 | 144.242 | 1×10 −6 |
| Promethum | 下午 | 61 | (145) | — |
| Samariu | Sm | 62 | 150.36 | 5×10 −7 |
| Europium | 欧盟 | 63 | 151.964 | 5×10 −8 |
| Gadolinium | 天哪 | 64 | 157.25 | 2×10 −7 |
| Terbium | Tb | 65 | 158.925 | 5×10 −8 |
| 狄普罗西姆 | Dy | 66 | 162.500 | 2×10 −7 |
| 氦气 | Ho | 67 | 164.930 | 5×10 −8 |
| Erbium | 呃 | 68 | 167.259 | 2×10 −7 |
| Thulium | Tm | 69 | 168.934 | 1×10 −8 |
| Ytterbium | Yb | 70 | 173.054 | 2×10 −7 |
| Lutetium | 卢 | 71 | 174.967 | 1×10 −8 |
| Hafnium | Hf | 72 | 178.49 | 7×10 −8 |
| 钽合金 | Ta | 73 | 180.948 | 8×10 −9 |
| 钨 | W | 74 | 183.84 | 5×10 −8 |
| Rhenium | 回复 | 75 | 186.207 | 2×10 −8 |
| Osmium | 操作系统 | 76 | 190.23 | 3×10 −7 |
| 铱 | 红外线 | 77 | 192.217 | 2×10 −7 |
| 铂 | Pt | 78 | 195.084 | 5×10 −7 |
| 金 | Au | 79 | 196.967 | 6×10 −8 |
| 水星 | Hg | 80 | 200.592 | 1×10 −7 |
| Thallium | TI | 81 | 204.38 | 5×10 −8 |
| 领导 | Pb | 82 | 207.2 | 1×10 −6 |
| 铋 | 双 | 83 | 208.980 | 7×10 −8 |
| Polonium | Po | 84 | (209) | — |
| 阿斯他汀 | 在 | 85 | (210) | — |
| 氡气 | 跑 | 86 | (222) | — |
| Francium | 神父 | 87 | (223) | — |
| 镭 | Ra | 88 | (226) | — |
| Actinium | Ac | 89 | (227) | — |
| 钍 | Th | 90 | 232.038 | 4×10 −8 |
| Protactinium | Pa | 91 | 231.036 | — |
| 铀 | 你好 | 92 | 238.029 | 2×10 −8 |
| Neptunium | 不是 | 93 | (237) | — |
| 钚 | Pu | 94 | (244) | — |
| Americium | 上午 | 95 | (243) | — |
| Curium | 厘米 | 96 | (247) | — |
| Berkelium | Bk | 97 | (247) | — |
| 加利福尼亚州 | 参见 | 98 | (251) | — |
| Einsteinium | 是的 | 99 | (252) | — |
| Fermium | Fm | 100 | (257) | — |
| Mendelevium | Md | 101 | (258) | — |
| Nobelium | 不是 | 102 | (259) | — |
| Lawrencium | Lr | 103 | (262) | — |
| 卢瑟福德 | 射频 | 104 | (267) | — |
| dubnium | Db | 105 | (268) | — |
| Seaborgium | Sg | 106 | (271) | — |
| Bohrium | Bh | 107 | (272) | — |
| Hassium | Hs | 108 | (270) | — |
| Meinterium | 山 | 109 | (276) | — |
| 达姆施塔特姆 | Ds | 110 | (281) | — |
| Roentgenium | Rg | 111 | (280) | — |
| 哥白尼 | Cn | 112 | (285) | — |
| Nihonium | Nh | 113 | (284) | — |
| Flerovium | 佛罗里达州 | 114 | (289) | — |
| Moskovium | Mc | 115 | (288) | — |
| 利弗莫里姆 | Lv | 116 | (293) | — |
| 田纳西州 | Ts | 117 | (294) | — |
| Oganesson | 哎呀 | 118 | (294) | — |
注意：表格底部附近的一些最新元素的建议名称仍在审查中，这些名称尚未在此处列出。 例如，建议将 Tennessine 作为元素 117，位于橡树岭国家实验室所在的州之后。
脚注
1 如果尚未很好地确定平均原子量，则用括号给出最稳定的同位素的原子质量数。