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12.1: مقدمة لعلم النفس الاجتماعي

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    197910
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    أهداف التعلم

    • اكتشف كيف يؤثر وجود أشخاص آخرين على سلوك الأفراد والثنائيات والمجموعات
    تُظهر صورتان أشخاصًا يحملون لافتات في المناسبات العامة ردًا على وفاة ترايفون مارتن. تشمل اللافتات كلمات ورسائل مثل «العدالة» و «ارتداء الهودي ليس جريمة» و «السترات ذات القلنسوة لا تقتل الناس؛ البنادق تقتل الناس»، و «هل أبدو مريبًا؟»
    الشكل\(\PageIndex{1}\): تم إطلاق النار على تريفون مارتن\(17\)، على يد جورج زيمرمان، حارس حي متطوع، في عام 2012. هل كانت وفاته نتيجة الدفاع عن النفس أو التحيز العنصري؟ جذب هذا السؤال مئات الأشخاص للتجمع على كل جانب من هذا النقاش الساخن. («علامات» الائتمان: تعديل عمل ديفيد شانكبون؛ «المشي» الائتماني: تعديل العمل من قبل «فيبوناتشي بلو» /فليكر)

    البشر متنوعون، وأحيانًا تجعل اختلافاتنا من الصعب علينا التعايش مع بعضنا البعض. ومن الأمثلة المؤثرة على ذلك حالة تريفون مارتن، وهو أمريكي من أصل أفريقي\(17\) يبلغ من العمر عامًا، أطلق عليه النار أحد المتطوعين في مراقبة الحي، جورج زيمرمان، في حي تقطنه أغلبية من البيض في عام 2012. أصبح زيمرمان يشك في الصبي الذي يرتدي سترة ويلاحق مارتن. انتهت مشاجرة جسدية بإطلاق زيمرمان النار على مارتن. زعم زيمرمان أنه تصرف دفاعًا عن النفس; كان مارتن غير مسلح. وجدت هيئة محلفين في فلوريدا أن زيمرمان غير مذنب بارتكاب جريمة قتل من الدرجة الثانية ولا بالقتل غير العمد.

    احتجت عدة مجموعات على ما اعتبرته تنميطًا عرقيًا ووحشية ضد رجل أسود أعزل. اتُهم زيمرمان، الذي لديه أم بيروفية وأب ألماني، بالعنصرية. تم انتقاد بعض التغطية الإعلامية لتأجيج السياسة العنصرية في تغطيتها. على الرغم من مثل هذه النزاعات، يجب على الناس أيضًا العمل معًا لإحداث تغيير إيجابي. على سبيل المثال، بعد هجمات 11 سبتمبر الإرهابية، اجتمع الناس معًا وارتفعت التبرعات الخيرية بشكل كبير (Brown & Minty، 2006). يستكشف هذا الفصل كيف يؤثر وجود أشخاص آخرين على سلوك الأفراد والثنائيات والمجموعات. يمكن للعوامل الاجتماعية تحديد ما إذا كان السلوك البشري يميل نحو الصراع أو الانسجام.

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