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10.12: Marejeo

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    178818
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    3. Nownes, Vikundi riba katika Siasa ya Marekani.
    4. Nownes, Vikundi riba katika Siasa ya Marekani.
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    6. Anthony J. Nownes na Adam J. Newmark. 2013. “Vikundi riba katika Marekani.” Katika Siasa katika Marekani. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 105—131.
    7. Brady: United Against Gun Vurugu, zamani inayojulikana kama Brady Kampeni ya Kuzuia Gun Vurugu ilianzishwa na James na Sarah Brady, baada ya James Brady kuwa walemavu wa kudumu na risasi kufuatia jaribio la mauaji ya rais Wakati wa risasi, Brady alikuwa katibu wa vyombo vya habari wa Reagan. http://www.bradycampaign.org/jim-and-sarah-brady (Machi 1, 2016).
    8. Michael Mitchell na Michael Leachman, “Miaka ya Kupunguzwa Kutishia Kuweka Chuo Nje ya kufikia Wanafunzi Zaidi,” Kituo cha Bajeti na Vipaumbele vya Sera, 13 Mei 2015, http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-b... -zaidi-wanafunzi.
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    29. Derrick Bryson Taylor, “George Floyd Maandamano: Timeline,” New York Times, 28 Machi 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/article/geor... -timeline.html.
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    32. Talya Cunningham, “'Wala si Back Down': Mamia ya Wanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Richmond na Majina ya Kujenga Maandamano ya Kitivo, Ubaguzi wa rangi wa Chuo Kikuu, na Bodi ya Rector,” ABC Richmond News https://www.wric.com/news/local-news -bodi-rector/.
    33. Angalia kwa ujumla Jeffrey M. Berry na Clyde Wilcox. 2008. Maslahi Group Society. 5th ed. New York: Routledge.
    34. Andrew Saultz, “Shirikisho la Elimu, Sheria ya Kila Mwanafunzi Afanikiwa, na mustakabali wa Sera ya Elimu,” Green & Write blog, Chuo Kikuu cha Chuo Kikuu cha Elimu cha Michigan, 2 Novemba 2016, https://education.msu.edu/green-and-...tional-policy/.
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    36. David Carter. 2010. Stonewall: Maandamano ambayo yalisababisha Mapinduzi ya Gay. New York: St Martin ya Griffin.
    37. http://milkfoundation.org/about/harv...ilk-biography/ (Novemba 8, 2015).
    38. Usalama wa Kazi na Utawala wa Afya, “Mwongozo wa Upatikanaji wa Choo kwa Wafanyakazi wa Transgender,” https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/fil...tPractices.pdf (Juni 1, 2021).
    39. Clive S. Thomas na Ronald J. “Vikundi riba katika Marekani.” Katika Siasa katika Amerika ya Marekani: Uchambuzi wa kulinganisha, 5th ed., eds. Virginia Gray, Herbert Jacob, na Robert B. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 123—158; Clive S. Thomas na Ronald J. “Kutaifisha Makundi ya Maslahi na Ushawishi katika Marekani.” Katika riba Group Siasa, 3d ed., eds. Allan J. Cigler na Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 63—80; Clive S. Thomas na Ronald J. Hrebenar. 1996. “Vikundi riba katika Marekani.” Katika Siasa katika Amerika ya Marekani: Uchambuzi wa kulinganisha, 6 ed., eds. Virginia Grey, na Herbert Jacob. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 122—158; Clive S. Thomas na Ronald J. Hrebenar. 1999. “Vikundi riba katika Marekani.” Katika Siasa katika Amerika ya Marekani: Uchambuzi wa kulinganisha, 7th ed., eds. Virginia Grey, Russell L. Hanson, na Herbert Jacob Washington, DC: CQ Press, 113—143; Clive S. Thomas na Ronald J. Hrebenar. 2004. “Vikundi riba katika Marekani.” Katika Siasa katika Amerika ya Marekani: Uchambuzi wa kulinganisha, 8 ed., eds. Virginia Gray na Russell L. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 100—128.
    40. http://www.uspirg.org/ (Novemba 1, 2015).
    41. Rick Noack, “nchi 7 ambapo Wamarekani wanaweza kujifunza katika vyuo vikuu, kwa Kiingereza, kwa bure (au karibu bure),” Washington Post, 29 Oktoba 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...r-almost-free/.
    42. Thomas na Hrebenar, “Utaifishaji wa Vikundi vya riba na Ushawishi katika Majimbo;” Nownes na Newmark, “Vikundi vya riba katika Majimbo.”
    43. Thomas na Hrebenar, “Vikundi vya riba katika Majimbo,” 1991, 1996, 1999, 2004; Thomas na Hrebenar, “Taifisha Vikundi vya Maslahi na Ushawishi katika Majimbo.”
    44. https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-...rms? mzunguko=2020 (1 Juni 2021).
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    47. Verba et al., Sauti na Usawa; Mark J. Rozell, Clyde Wilcox, na Michael M. Franz. 2012. Vikundi vya riba katika Kampeni za Marekani: Uso Mpya wa Uchaguzi. Oxford University Press: New York.
    48. Aaron Smith, “Kihafidhina Group Times Square Billboard mashambulizi $15 Mshahara wa chini,” 31 Agosti 2015, http://money.cnn.com/2015/08/31/news... -kima cha chini cha mshahara/.
    49. Robert Putnam. 2000. Bowling peke yake. New York: Simon na Shuster; Rosenstone na Hansen, Uhamasishaji, Ushiriki na Demokrasia katika Amerika.
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    51. Dahl, Robert A. 1956. Utangulizi wa nadharia ya Kidemokras Chicago: Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago Press; Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Ni nani anayesimamia? Demokrasia na Nguvu katika mji wa Marekani. New Haven, CT: Chuo Kikuu cha Yale Press.
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    54. Olson, Jr., Logic ya Action Collective.
    55. Kevin Ngoma, “Hakuna anayejali nini unafikiri Isipokuwa Wewe ni Rich, "Mama Jones, 8 Aprili 2014, http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-dru...ess-youre-rich.
    56. Larry Bartels, “Watu matajiri Utawala!” Washington Post, 8 Aprili 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...ch-people-rule.
    57. Frank R. Baumgartner na Beth L. Leech. 1998. Maslahi ya msingi: Umuhimu wa Vikundi katika Sayansi ya Siasa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
    58. Francis E. Rourke. 1984. Urasimu, Siasa, na Sera ya Umma, 3rd ed. NY: Harper Collins.
    59. Hugh Heclo. 1984. “Suala Networks na Uanzishwaji Mtendaji.” Katika Mfumo mpya wa kisiasa wa Marekani, ed. Anthony King. Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute, 87—124.
    60. Gray na D. Lowery, “Ili kushawishi peke yake au katika Kundi: Tabia ya chakula miongoni mwa maslahi yaliyoandaliwa,” Utafiti wa Siasa wa Marekani 26, No. 1 (1998): 5—34; M. Hojnacki, “Maamuzi ya Vikundi vya riba Kujiunga na Ushirikiano au Kazi peke yake,” Jarida la Marekani la Sayansi ya Siasa 41, No. 1 (1997): 61—87; Kevin W. Hula. 1999. Ushawishi Pamoja: Maslahi Group Muungano katika Siasa za Kisheria. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
    61. Virginia Gray na David Lowery. 1996. Idadi ya Watu Ekolojia ya Uwakilishi Maslahi: Ushawishi Jumuiya katika Amerika ya Marekani. Ann Arbor: Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan Press; Andrew S. McFarland. Neopuralism. Lawrence, KS: Chuo Kikuu Press of Kansas.
    62. Mark A. Marekani Biashara na Nguvu ya kisiasa: Maoni ya umma, Uchaguzi, na Demokrasia Chicago: Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago Press; F. R. Baumgartner, J. M. Berry, M. Hojnacki, D. C. Kimball, na B. L. Chicago: Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago Press.
    63. Patrick McGeehan, “New York Mipango $15-saa cha chini cha mshahara kwa Wafanyakazi wa Chakula cha haraka,” New York Times, 22 Julai 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/ny...d-workers.html; Paul Davidson, “Mgomo wa Wafanyakazi wa Chakula haraka, kuona $15 Mshahara, Misuli ya kisiasa,” USA Today, 10 2015 http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/...egin/75482782/.
    64. “Amri ya Mtendaji juu ya Kuongeza Mshahara wa chini kwa Makandarasi ya Shirikisho,” White House, 27 Aprili 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-...l-contractors/.
    65. John R. Wright. 1996. Vikundi riba na Congress: ushawishi, michango, na Ushawishi. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn na Bacon; Mark J. Rozell, Clyde Wilcox, na Michael M. Franz. 2012. Vikundi vya riba katika Kampeni za Marekani: Uso Mpya wa Uchaguzi. New York: Oxford University Press.
    66. https://www.nrapvf.org/grades/; http://www.bradycampaign.org/2013-state-scorecard (Machi 1, 2016).
    67. http://www.adaction.org/pages/public...ng-records.php; http://acuratings.conservative.org/ (Machi 1, 2016).
    68. https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/ (Machi 1, 2016).
    69. Conor M. Dowling na Michael G. Miller. 2014. Super PAC! fedha, Uchaguzi, na Wapiga Kura baada ya Wananchi United. New York: Routledge.
    70. Wright, Vikundi riba na Congress: ushawishi, michango, na Ushawishi.
    71. Rob O'Dell na Nick Penzenstadler, “Umewachagua kuandika sheria mpya. Wanaruhusu mashirika kufanya hivyo badala yake,” USA Today, https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/ne...ts/3162173002/ (Juni 1, 2021).
    72. Richard L. Hall na Frank W. Wayman, “Muda wa kununua: Moneyed Maslahi na Uhamasishaji wa Upendeleo katika Kamati Congressional, "American Sayansi ya Siasa Tathmini 84.3 (1990): 797-820.
    73. Sean Lengell, “Boehner: Grover Norquist Tu 'Random' Guy, "Washington Times, 3 Novemba 2011, http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/...st-random-guy/.
    74. Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 Marekani 644 (2015).
    75. Wright, Vikundi riba na Congress: Ushawishi, michango, na Ushawishi; Rozell, Wilcox, na Franz, Vikundi riba katika Kampeni American: New Face of Electioneering.
    76. Buckley v. Valeo, 75-436, 424 Marekani 1 (1976).
    77. Wananchi United v. Shirikisho Tume ya Uchaguzi, 08-205, 558 Marekani 310 (2010).
    78. McCutcheon v. Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Shirikisho, 12-536, 572 Marekani 185 (2014).
    79. Associated Press. 29 Januari 2017. “Koch Mtandao wa kisiasa kutumia $300M kwa $400M zaidi ya miaka 2.” Fortune. http://fortune.com/2017/01/29/koch-p...work-spending/.
    80. Koch Industries, https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/koc...pnumcycle=2020 (1 Juni 2021).
    81. Nicholas Confessore, “Koch Brothers 'Bajeti ya $889 Milioni kwa 2016 Inapatana na matumizi ya pande zote mbili,” New York Times, 26 Januari 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/27/us... -campaign.html.
    82. Adam J. Newmark, “Udhibiti wa Ushawishi wa Jimbo la Upimaji, 1990-2003.” Hali Siasa na Sera ya Robo 5 (2005): 182—191; Nownes na Newmark, “Vikundi riba katika Marekani.”
    83. Nownes, Vikundi riba katika Siasa ya Marekani.
    84. “2021 Joe Biden Executive Maagizo,” Nyaraka za Taifa: Daftari la Shirikisho, https://www.federalregister.gov/pres...joe-biden/2021, (Juni 10, 2021).
    85. Geov Parrish, “Kufanya hisia ya kashfa ya Abramoff,” 19 Desemba 2005 http://www.alternet.org/story/29827/...ramoff_scandal (Machi 1, 2016).
    86. Neil A. Lewis, “Abramoff Anapata miaka 4 gerezani kwa Rushwa,” New York Times, 4 Septemba 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/05/wa...moff.html? _r=0.
    87. http://gawker.com/5856082/corrupt-lo...rrupt-lobbying (Machi 1, 2016).
    88. “Sheria ya Ushawishi wa Ufunuo,” https://lobbyingdisclosure.house.gov/lda.html (1 Juni 2021).
    89. “Sheria ya Usajili wa Wakala wa Nje,” https://www.justice.gov/nsd-fara (1 Juni 2021);
    90. “Ushawishi wa Nje katika Congress: Majadiliano ya Ushawishi na Uwazi,” Chuo Kikuu cha Marekani Shule ya Mambo ya Umma, 8 Februari 2018, https://www.american.edu/spa/news/fo...n-lobbying.cfm.