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4: Kemikali Bonding na Masi jiometri

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    182588

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    Dhamana ya kemikali ni kivutio kati ya atomi kinachoruhusu kuundwa kwa dutu za kemikali ambazo zina atomi mbili au zaidi. Dhamana husababishwa na nguvu ya umeme ya mvuto kati ya mashtaka kinyume, ama kati ya elektroni na nuclei, au kama matokeo ya kivutio cha dipole. Vifungo vyote vinaweza kuelezewa na nadharia ya quantum, lakini, kwa mazoezi, sheria za kurahisisha zinawezesha wanakemia kutabiri nguvu, uongozi, na polarity ya vifungo. Utawala wa octet na nadharia ya VSEPR ni mifano miwili. Zaidi ya kisasa nadharia ni valence dhamana nadharia ambayo ni pamoja na orbital hybridization na resonance, na mchanganyiko linear ya orbitals atomiki Masi orbital njia. Electrostatics hutumiwa kuelezea polarities za dhamana na madhara wanayo juu ya vitu vya kemikali.

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