22.14.15: Sura ya 15

1.

(a)
$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{AGI}(s)\rightleftharpoons & {\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}(aq)+& {\text{I}}^{\text{-}}(aq)\\ \\ & x& \underset{\_}{x}\end{array}$
(b)
$\begin{array}{ccc}{\text{CaCO}}_3(s)\rightleftharpoons & {\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}(aq)+& {\text{USHIRIKIANO}}_3{}^{\text{2}}(aq)\\ \\ & \underset{\_}{x}& x\end{array}$
(c)
$\begin{array}{lll}\text{Mg}{(\text{OH})}_2(s)\rightleftharpoons \hfill & {\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}(aq)\hfill & +2{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}(aq)\hfill \\ \hfill & x\hfill & \underset{\_}{\text{2}x}\hfill \end{array}$
(d)
$\begin{array}{ccc}{\text{Mg}}_3{({\text{PO}}_4)}_2(s)\rightleftharpoons & {\text{3Mg}}^{\text{2+}}(aq)+& {\text{2PO}}_4{}^{\text{3-}}(aq)\\ \\ & \underset{\_}{x}& \frac{2}{3}x\end{array}$
(e)
$\begin{array}{cccc}{\text{Ca}}_5({\text{PO}}_4{)}_3\text{OH}(s)\rightleftharpoons & {\text{5Ca}}^{\text{2+}}(aq)+& {\text{3PO}}_4{}^{\text{3-}}(aq)+& {\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}(aq)\\ \\ & \underset{\_}{5x}& \underset{\_}{3x}& x\end{array}$

3.

Hakuna mabadiliko. Mango ina shughuli ya 1 ikiwa kuna kidogo au mengi.

5.

Umumunyifu wa bromidi ya fedha kwenye joto jipya lazima lijulikane. Kwa kawaida umumunyifu huongezeka na baadhi ya bromidi ya fedha imara itafuta.

7.

CaF ₂, MnCo ₃, na ZNs

9.

(a)${\text{LAF}}_3(s)\rightleftharpoons {\text{La}}^{\text{3+}}(aq)+{\text{3F}}^{\text{-}}(aq)K_{\text{sp}}=[{\text{La}}^{\text{3+}}]{[\text{F}}^{\text{-}}{]}^3;$
(b)${\text{CaCO}}_3(s)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}(aq)+{\text{USHIRIKIANO}}_3{}^{\text{2}}(aq)K_{\text{sp}}=[{\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}][{\text{USHIRIKIANO}}_3{}^{\text{2}}];$
(c)${\text{Ag}}_2{\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4(s)\rightleftharpoons {\text{2Ag}}^{\text{+}}(aq)+{\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{\text{2}}(aq)K_{\text{sp}}={[{\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}]}^2[{\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{\text{2}}];$
(d)${\text{Pb (OH)}}_2(s)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Pb}}^{\text{2+}}(aq)+{\text{2OH}}^{\text{-}}(aq)K_{\text{sp}}=[{\text{Pb}}^{\text{2+}}]{[{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}]}^2$

11.

(a) 1.77$\times$10 ^—7; (b) 1.6$\times$10 ^—6; (c) 2.2$\times$10 ^—9; (d) 7.91$\times$^10-22

13.

(a) 2$\times$10 ^—2 M; (b) 1.5$\times$10 ^—3 M; (c) 2.27$\times$10 ^—9 M; (d) 2.2$\times$10 ^—10 M

15.

(a) 6.4$\times$10 ^-9 M = [Ag ⁺], [Cl ^-] = 0.025 M. Angalia:$\frac{6.4\times {10}^{-9}M}{0.025M}\times \text{100\%}=\text{2.6}\times {10}^{-5}\%,$mabadiliko yasiyo na maana;
(b) 2.2$\times$10 ^-5 M = [Ca ²⁺], [F ^-] = 0.0013 M. Angalia:$\frac{\text{2.26}\times {10}^{-5}M}{0.00133M}\times \text{100\%}=\text{1.70\%}.$Thamani hii ni chini ya 5% na inaweza kupuuzwa.
(c) 0.2238 M =$[{\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{2\text{-}}];$[Ag ⁺] = 7.4$\times$10 ^—3 M. Angalia:$\frac{3.7\times {10}^{-3}}{0.2238}\times 100\%=\text{1.64}\times {10}^{-2};$hali hiyo imeridhika.
(d) [OH ^—] = 2.8$\times$10 ^—3 M; 5.7$\times$10 ^-12 M = [Zn ²⁺]. Angalia:$\frac{5.7\times {10}^{-12}}{2.8\times {10}^{-3}}\times \text{100\%}=\text{2.0}\times {10}^{-7}\%;$x ni chini ya 5% ya [OH ^—] na kwa hiyo, ni kidogo.

17.

(a) [Cl ^-] = 7.6$\times$10 ^-3 M
Angalia:$\frac{7.6\times {10}^{-3}}{0.025}\times 100\%=30\%$
Thamani hii ni kubwa mno kuacha x. Kwa hiyo tatua kwa kutumia equation quadratic:
[Ti ⁺] = 3.1$\times$10 ^—2 M
[Cl ^—] = 6.1$\times$10 ^—3
(b) [Ba ²⁺] = 7.7$\times$10 ^—4 M
Angalia:$\frac{7.7\times {10}^{-4}}{0.0313}\times 100\%=2.4\%$
Kwa hiyo, hali hiyo imeridhika.
[Ba ²⁺] = 7.7$\times$10 ^—4 M
[F ^—] = 0.0321 M;
(c) Mg (NO ₃) ₂ = 0.02444 M
$[{\text{C}}_2{\text{O}}_4{}^{\text{2}}]=2.9\times {10}^{\text{-5}}$
Angalia:$\frac{2.9\times {10}^{\text{-5}}}{0.02444}\times 100\%=0.12\%$
Hali hiyo imeridhika; thamani ya hapo juu ni chini ya 5%.
$[{\text{C}}_2{\text{O}}_4{}^{\text{2}}]=2.9\times {10}^{\text{-5}}M$
[Mg ²⁺] = 0.0244 M
(d) [OH ^—] = 0.0501 M
[Ca ²⁺] = 3.15$\times$10 ^—3
Angalia:$\frac{3.15\times {10}^{\text{1-3}}}{0.050}\times 100\%=6.28\%$
Thamani hii ni kubwa kuliko 5%, hivyo njia halisi zaidi, kama vile makadirio ya mfululizo, lazima itumike.
[Ca ²⁺] = 2.8$\times$10 ^—3 M
[OH ^—] = 0.053$\times$10 ^—2 M

19.

Mabadiliko katika mkusanyiko ni makubwa kuliko 5% na hivyo huzidi thamani ya juu ya kupuuza mabadiliko.

21.

CaSO ₄ 2H ₂ O ni zaidi mumunyifu Ca chumvi katika mol/L, na pia ni zaidi mumunyifu Ca chumvi katika g/L.

23.

4.8$\times$10 ^—3 M =$[{\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{\text{2}}]$= [Ca ²⁺]; Kwa kuwa ukolezi huu ni wa juu kuliko 2.60$\times$10 ^-3 M, “gyp” maji haikidhi viwango.

25.

Misa (CaCO ₄ · 2H ₂ O) = 0.72 g/L

27.

(a) [Ag ⁺] = [I ^—] = 1.3$\times$10 ^—5 M; (b) [Ag ⁺] = 2.88$\times$10 ^—2 M,$[{\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{\text{2}}]$= 1.44$\times$10 ^—2 M; (c) [Mn ²⁺] = 3.7$\times$10 ^—5 M, [OH ^—] = 7.4$\times$10 ^—5 M; (d) [Sr ²⁺] = 4.3$\times$10 ^—2 M, [OH ^—] = 8.6$\times$10 ^—2 M; (e) [Mg ²⁺] = 1.3$\times$10 ^—4 M, [OH ^—] = 2.6$\times$10 ^—4 M.

29.

(a) 1.45$\times$10 ^—4; (b) 8.2$\times$10 ^—55; (c) 1.35$\times$10 ^—4; (d) 1.18$\times$10 ^—5; (e) 1.08$\times$10 ^—10

31.

(a) CaCO ₃ haina precipitate. (b) kiwanja haina precipitate. (c) kiwanja haina precipitate. (d) Kiwanja kinapungua.

33.

3.03$\times$10 ^-7 M

35.

9.2$\times$10 ^-13 M

37.

[Ag ⁺] = 1.8$\times$10 ^—3 M

39.

6.3$\times$10 ^—4

41.

(a) 2.25 L; (b) 7.2$\times$10 ^—7 g

43.

100% ya hiyo ni kufutwa

45.

(a)${\text{Hg}}_2{}^{\text{2+}}$na Cu ²⁺: Ongeza${\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{\text{2}}.$ (b)${\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{\text{2}}$na Cl ^-: Kuongeza Ba ²⁺. (c) Hg ²⁺ na Co ²⁺: Ongeza S ^2—. (d) Zn ²⁺ na Sr ²⁺: Ongeza OH ^— mpaka [OH ^-] = 0.050 M. (e) Ba ²⁺ na Mg ²⁺: Kuongeza${\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{\text{2}}.$ (f)${\text{USHIRIKIANO}}_3{}^{\text{2}}$na OH ^-: Kuongeza Ba ²⁺.

47.

AGI itakuwa precipitate kwanza.

49.

1.5$\times$10 ^-12 M

51.

3.99 kilo

53.

(a) 3.1$\times$10 ^—11; (b) [Cu ²⁺] = 2.6$\times$^10-3;$[{\text{IO}}_3{}^{\text{-}}]$= 5.3$\times$10 ^—3

55.

1.8$\times$10 ^—5 g Pb (OH) ₂

57.

${\text{Mg (OH)}}_2(s)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}+{\text{2OH}}^{\text{-}}{K}_{\text{sp}}=[{\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}]{[{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}]}^2$
1.23$\times$10 ^1-3 g Mg (OH) ₂

59.

MnCo ₃ fomu ya kwanza kwa kuwa ina ndogo K _sp thamani kati ya misombo hii homologous na kwa hiyo ni angalau mumunyifu. MgCo ₃ •3H ₂ O itakuwa ya mwisho kwa sababu ina thamani kubwa zaidi ya K_sp na ni mumunyifu zaidi. K _sp thamani.

62.

wakati kiasi cha imara ni ndogo sana kwamba ufumbuzi ulijaa si zinazozalishwa

64.

1.8$\times$10 ^—5 M

66.

5$\times$10 ²³

68.

[Cd ²⁺] = 9.5$\times$10 ^—5 M; [CN ^—] = 3.8$\times$10 ^—4 M

70.

[Co ³⁺] = 3.0$\times$10 ^—6 M; [NH ₃] = 1.8$\times$10 ^—5 M

72.

1.3 g

74.

0.79 g

76.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

78.

(a)

(b)${\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\mathrm{+}}+{\text{CH}}_3{}^{\text{-}}⟶{\text{CH}}_4+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}$

(c)$\text{CaO}+{\text{KWA HIVYO}}_3⟶\text{CasO}4$

(d)${\text{NH}}_4{}^{\mathrm{+}}+{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5{\text{O}}^{\text{-}}⟶{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5\text{OH}+{\text{NH}}_3$

80.

0.0281 g

82.

${\text{HAPANA}}_3(l)+\text{HF}(l)⟶{\text{H}}_2{\text{HAPANA}}_3{}^{\mathrm{+}}+{\text{F}}^{\text{-}};$ $\text{HF}(l)+{\text{BF}}_3(g)⟶{\text{H}}^{\mathrm{+}}+{\text{BF}}_4$

84.

(a)${\text{H}}_3{\text{BO}}_3+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}⟶{\text{H}}_4{\text{BO}}_4{}^{\text{-}}+{\text{H}}^{\mathrm{+}};$(b) Maumbo ya elektroniki na Masi ni sawa—wote wawili wa tetrahedral. (c) muundo tetrahedral ni sambamba na sp ³ hybridization.

86.

0.014 M

88.

7.2$\times$10 ^—15 M

90.

4.4$\times$10 ^-22 M

93.

[OH ^-] = 4.5$\times$10 ^-6; [Al ³⁺] = 2$\times$10 ^—16 (umumunyifu wa molar)

95.

$[{\text{KWA HIVYO}}_4{}^{\text{2-}}]=0.049M$; [Ba ²⁺] = 4.7$\times$10 ^—7 (umumunyifu wa molar)

97.

[OH ^—] = 7.6$\times$10 ^-3 M; [Pb ²⁺] = 2.1$\times$10 ^—11 (umumunyifu wa molar)

99.

7.66

101.

(a) K _sp = [Mg ²⁺] [F ^-] ² = (1.21$\times$10 ^—3 (2)$\times$1.21$\times$10 ^—3) ² = 7.09$\times$10 ^—9
(b) 7.09$\times$10 ^—7 M
(c) Kuamua mkusanyiko wa Mg ²⁺ na F ^— ambayo itakuwa sasa katika kiasi cha mwisho. Linganisha thamani ya bidhaa ioni [Mg ²⁺] [F ^-] ² na K _sp. Ikiwa thamani hii ni kubwa kuliko K _sp, mvua itatokea.
0.1000 L$\times$3.00$\times$10 ^—3 M Mg (NO ₃) ₂ = 0.3000 L$\times$M Mg (NO ₃) ₂
M Mg (NO ₃) ₂ = 1.00$\times$10 ^—3 M
0.2000 L$\times$2.00$\times$10 ^—3 M NaF = 0.3000 L$\times$M NaF
M NaF = 1.33$\times$10 ^-3 M
juu ya bidhaa = (1.00)$\times$10 ^—3) (1.33$\times$10 ^—3) ² = 1.77$\times$10 ^—9 Thamani hii ni ndogo kuliko K _sp, hivyo hakuna mvua itatokea.
(d) MgF ₂ ni chini ya mumunyifu katika 27 °C kuliko saa 18 °C Kwa sababu joto aliongeza vitendo kama reagent aliongeza, wakati inaonekana upande wa bidhaa, kanuni ya Le Châtelier inasema kuwa msawazo utabadilika upande wa reactants kukabiliana na dhiki. Kwa hiyo, reagent chini itapasuka. Hali hii inapatikana katika kesi yetu. Kwa hiyo, mmenyuko ni exothermic.

103.

BaF ₂, Ca ₃ (PO ₄) ₂, ZNs; kila ni chumvi ya asidi dhaifu, na$[{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{\mathrm{+}}]$kutoka asidi perchloric hupunguza mkusanyiko wa usawa wa anion, na hivyo kuongeza mkusanyiko wa cations

105.

Athari kwa kiasi cha CahPo ₄ imara, [Ca ²⁺], [OH ^-]: (a) ongezeko, ongezeko, kupungua; (b) kupungua, ongezeko, kupungua; (c) hakuna athari, hakuna athari, hakuna athari; (d) kupungua, ongezeko, kupungua; (e) ongezeko, hakuna athari, hakuna athari