22.14.1: Sura ya 1

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Weka glasi ya maji nje. Itafungia ikiwa halijoto iko chini ya 0 °C.

(a) sheria (inasema jambo linaloonekana mara kwa mara, linaweza kutumika kwa utabiri); (b) nadharia (maelezo ya kukubalika sana ya tabia ya jambo); (c) hypothesis (maelezo ya tentative, yanaweza kuchunguzwa na majaribio)

(a) mfano, microscopic; (b) macroscopic; (c) mfano, macroscopic; (d) microscopic

Macroscopic. Joto linalohitajika linatokana na mali za macroscopic.

Vioevu vinaweza kubadilisha umbo lao (mtiririko); yabisi hawawezi. Gesi inapita na mabadiliko ya kiasi; yabisi hawana.

11.

Mchanganyiko unaweza kuwa na nyimbo mbalimbali; dutu safi ina muundo wa uhakika. Wote wawili wana muundo sawa kutoka hatua kwa hatua.

13.

Molekuli za elementi zina aina moja tu ya atomu; molekuli za misombo zina aina mbili au zaidi za atomi. Wao ni sawa kwa kuwa zote mbili zinajumuisha atomi mbili au zaidi za kemikali zilizounganishwa pamoja.

15.

Majibu yatatofautiana. Mfano jibu: Gatorade ina maji, sukari, dextrose, asidi citric, chumvi, sodium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, na sucrose acetate isobutyrate.

17.

(a) kipengele; (b) kipengele; (c) kiwanja; (d) mchanganyiko; (e) kiwanja; (f) kiwanja; (g) kiwanja; (h) mchanganyiko

19.

Katika kila kesi, molekuli ina atomi mbili au zaidi pamoja. Zinatofautiana kwa kuwa aina za atomi zinabadilika kutoka dutu moja hadi nyingine.

21.

Petroli (mchanganyiko wa misombo), oksijeni, na kwa kiwango kidogo, nitrojeni hutumiwa. Dioksidi kaboni na maji ni bidhaa kuu. Monoxide ya kaboni na oksidi za nitrojeni huzalishwa kwa kiasi kidogo.

23.

(a) Kuongezeka kama ingekuwa pamoja na oksijeni hewani hivyo kuongeza kiasi cha suala na hivyo wingi. (b) 0.9 g

25.

(a) 200.0 g; (b) Masi ya chombo na yaliyomo yangepungua kama dioksidi kaboni ni bidhaa ya gesi na ingeondoka kwenye chombo. (c) 102.3 g

27.

(a) kimwili; (b) kemikali; (c) kemikali; (d) kimwili; (e) kimwili

29.

kimwili

31.

Thamani ya mali kubwa inategemea kiasi cha suala linalozingatiwa, wakati thamani ya mali kubwa ni sawa bila kujali kiasi cha suala linalozingatiwa.

33.

Kuwa mali nyingi, wingi na kiasi ni sawa sawa na kiasi cha dutu chini ya utafiti. Kugawanya mali moja ya kina na mwingine itakuwa “kufuta” utegemezi huu kwa kiasi, kutoa uwiano ambao ni huru ya kiasi (mali kubwa).

35.

kuhusu yadi

37.

(a) kilo; (b) mita; (c) mita/pili; (d) kilo/mita za ujazo; (e) kelvin; (f) mita za mraba; (g) mita za ujazo

39.

(a) centi-, $\times$ 10 ^—2; (b) deci-, $\times$ 10 ^-1; (c) Giga-, $\times$ 10 ⁹; (d) kilo-, $\times$ 10 ³; (e) milli-, $\times$ 10 ^—3; (f) nano-, $\times$ 10 ^-9; (g) pico-, $\times$ 10 ^-12; (h) tera-, $\times$ 10 ¹²

41.

(a) m = 18.58 g, V = 5.7 ml. (b) d = 3.3 g/ml (c) dioptase (cyclosilicate ya shaba, d = 3.28—3.31 g/ml); malachite (msingi wa shaba carbonate, d = 3.25—4.10 g/ml); Paraiba tourmaline (sodium lithiamu boroni silicate na shaba, d = 2.82—3.32 g/ml)

43.

(a) kiasi cha maji ya makazi = 2.8 ml; (b) maji ya makazi yao = 2.8 g; (c) Masi ya kuzuia ni 2.76 g, kimsingi sawa na wingi wa maji yaliyohamishwa (2.8 g) na kulingana na kanuni ya Archimedes ya buoyancy.

45.

(a) 7.04 $\times$ 10 ²; (b) 3.344 $\times$ 10 ^-2; (c) 5.479 $\times$ 10 ²; (d) 2.2086 $\times$ 10 ⁴; (e) 1.00000 $\times$ 10; ³; (f) 6.51 $\times$ 10 ^-8; (g) 7.157 $\times$ ^10-3

47.

(a) halisi; (b) halisi; (c) uhakika; (d) halisi; (e) uhakika; (f) uhakika

49.

(a) mbili; (b) tatu; (c) tano; (d) nne; (e) sita; (f) mbili; (g) tano

51.

(a) 0.44; (b) 9.0; (c) 27; (d) 140; (e) 1.5 $\times$ 10 ^—3; (f) 0.44

53.

(a) 2.15 $\times$ 10 ⁵; (b) 4.2 $\times$ 10 ⁶; (c) 2.08; (d) 0.19; (e) 27,440; (f) 43.0

55.

(a) Upinde X; (b) Upinde W; (c) Archer Y

57.

(a) $\frac{1.0936 yd}{1 m}$ ; (b) $\frac{0.94635 L}{1 qt}$ ; (c) $\frac{2.2046 lb}{Kilo 1}$

59.

$\begin{matrix} \frac{2.0 L}{67.6 fl oz} = \frac{0.030 L}{1 fl oz} \end{matrix}$
Takwimu mbili tu muhimu ni haki.

61.

Sentimita 68—71; 400—450 g

63.

355 ml

65.

8 $\times$ 10 ^-4 cm

67.

ndiyo; uzito = 89.4 kg

69.

5.0 $\times$ 10 ^-3 ml

71.

(a) 1.3 $\times$ 10 ^-4 kg; (b) 2.32 $\times$ 10 kilo ⁸; (c) 5.23 $\times$ 10 ^-12 m; (d) 8.63 $\times$ 10 ^-5 kg; (e) 3.76 $\times$ 10 ^-1 m; (f) 5.4 $\times$ 10 ^-5 m; (g) 1 $\times$ 10 ¹² s; (h) 2.7 $\times$ 10 ^-11 s; (i) 1.5 $\times$ 10 ^-4 K

73.

45.4 L

75.

1.0160 $\times$ 10 ^{- kilo 3}

77.

(a) 394 ft; (b) 5.9634 km; (c) 6.0 $\times$ 10 ²; (d) 2.64 L; (e) 5.1 $\times$ 10 kilo ¹⁸; (f) 14.5 kg; (g) 324 mg

79.

0.46 m; 1.5 ft/dhiraa

81.

Ndiyo, kiasi cha asidi ni 123 ml.

83.

62.6 katika (kuhusu 5 ft 3 ndani.) na 101 lb

85.

(a) 3.81 cm $\times$ 8.89 sentimita $\times$ 2.44 m; (b) 40.6 cm

87.

2.70 g/cm ³

89.

(a) 81.6 g; (b) 17.6 g

91.

(a) 5.1 ml; (b) 37 L

93.

5371 °F, 3239 KM

95.

-23 °C, 250 K

97.

-33.4 °C, 239.8 K

99.

113 °F