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Mon, 31 Oct 2022 22:15:36 GMT
4.5: Mizigo ya Argumentative
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[ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "program:oeri", "licenseversion:40", "authorname:jmarteney", "license:ccbync", "burden of presumption", "burden of proof", "burden of rebuttal", "burden to make a Prima Facie case", "source[translate]-socialsci-67167" ]
[ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "program:oeri", "licenseversion:40", "authorname:jmarteney", "license:ccbync", "burden of presumption", "burden of proof", "burden of rebuttal", "burden to make a Prima Facie case", "source[translate]-socialsci-67167" ]
Moja ya kazi za madai ni kuanzisha mizigo ya washiriki. Kama ilivyoelezwa kuna pande mbili kwa hoja, pro-upande na con-upande. Sasa tutaangalia majukumu au mizigo ya kila upande. Mzigo wa ubishi unaelezea majukumu ya kila mshiriki wa hoja. Mtu anayezungumza kwa ajili ya madai au kukuza madai ana majukumu tofauti katika hoja kuliko mtu anayezungumza dhidi ya madai na kutetea hali ya sasa.
Mzigo wa Ushahidi unakuja kwanza. Hii ina maana kwamba upande au mtu anayekuza madai, upande wa pro, lazima awasilishe sababu za kulazimisha kwa nini hali hiyo haitoshi na inapaswa kubadilishwa na madai ya kutetewa. Wakati hili limefanywa, hali kama ilivyo inadhaniwa kuwa haitoshi na inahitaji mabadiliko.
Ikiwa mzigo huu haujafikiwa, hiyo ni kama hoja “nzuri na ya kutosha” haijawasilishwa, basi mtu anayeshindana dhidi ya madai hana hata kusema. Madai yanafukuzwa kazi kwa sababu hoja halali ya kutosha haijawasilishwa ili kubadilisha hali kama ilivyo na kuendelea na hoja. Mtu anaamua kupambana na tiketi ya trafiki mahakamani na afisa wa polisi ambaye alitoa tiketi haonyeshi. Kwa kuwa afisa hayupo, tiketi, au madai, kwamba dereva alivunja sheria, inafukuzwa kazi. Dereva hana budi kuthibitisha kuwa hana hatia kwa sababu upande wa mkono alishindwa kukidhi mzigo wa ushahidi.
Mzigo wa Dhana ni ulinzi wa hali kama ilivyo na ni ya upande kupinga madai, upande kon. mzigo huu ni msingi wa dhana kwamba hali kama ilivyo ni kuhitajika na inapaswa kubaki katika nguvu.
Tu baada ya upande wa mkono umekutana na mzigo wake wa ushahidi gani upande wa con unapaswa kukidhi mzigo wake wa dhana. Upande wa con hukutana na mzigo wake wa dhana kwa kutoa sababu hali kama ilivyo ni ya kutosha na inapaswa kubaki katika athari.
Kuwasilisha msimamo wa busara kwa msimamo wako ni Mzigo wako wa kufanya kesi ya Prima Facie. Prima facie ni usemi wa Kilatini unaomaanisha “mbele ya kwanza,” unaotumiwa katika sheria ya kawaida kuelezea kesi ambayo ina nguvu ya kutosha kuhalalisha mjadala zaidi. Kwa mfano, kupatikana amesimama karibu na mhasiriwa aliyekufa na bunduki ya kuvuta sigara mkononi mwako ingeanzisha kesi ya prima facie kwa mashtaka ya mauaji. Katika hoja, prima facie ni wajibu wa mtetezi wa kuwasilisha ushahidi (nembo, pathos, ethos) kwa chochote unachosema. Njia nyingine ya kuangalia hii ni wajibu wa kila mtu katika hoja ya kuwasilisha “sababu nzuri na za kutosha” kwa nafasi yao. Hivyo, ili kukidhi mizigo yao ya ushahidi na dhana kwa mtiririko huo, kila upande lazima kuwasilisha kesi prima facie.
Wajibu wa tatu wa ubishi unashirikiwa na pande zote mbili. Mzigo huu ni haja ya kujibu hoja za upande mwingine. Hii inaitwa mzigo wako wa Rebuttal. Ikiwa wakati wa hoja hujibu, unashindwa kukidhi mzigo huu.
Ukimya wako unaweza kuonyesha idhini yako na kukubalika kwa hoja za juu na mpinzani wako. Katika sheria za Magharibi, ukimya unaweza kutafsiriwa kwa sababu kama “idhini iliyosemwa.” Kwa mujibu wa Columbia Legal Encyclopedia, “Katika sheria, acquiescence hai au kufuata kimya na mtu kisheria uwezo wa kukubali inaweza kuthibitishwa na ukimya wakati kimya ina maana ya kukubaliana.”
Kwa mfano, mwenzi wako anaomba uweke gesi kwenye gari kabla ya kurudi nyumbani kutoka kazini. Unamsikia yeye, lakini hujibu. Mke wako anaweza kudhani kuwa umekubali ombi. Ikiwa umeshindwa kutimiza ombi, mke wako ana haki ya kuwa na hasira na wewe. Kama ungalijibu ombi hilo kwa kusema, “Nataka kama nina muda,” ungekutana na mzigo wako wa kukataa. Katika hali hiyo, mke wako haipaswi kuwa na hasira juu ya ombi lisilojazwa. Ingawa mimi nadhani hii inaweza kuanza hoja mpya na madai mapya.