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7.10:摘要

  • Page ID
    204059
    • David G. Lewis, Jennifer Hasty, & Marjorie M. Snipes
    • OpenStax

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    人类学家采用以人为本的方法研究经济问题,研究社会和文化特征与经济生产、市场和消费的关系。 人类使用四种主要的生存方式来满足他们的需求:采集狩猎、畜牧业、植物种植和工业主义。 像哈扎这样的集会狩猎社团流动性很强,而且是平等的。 像贝都因人这样的游牧社会也是流动的,但允许以畜群动物的形式积累财富。 植物种植者是定居的民族,他们从事大量园艺或集约农业。 城市和手工艺专业化是从集约农业产生的盈余中发展而来的。

    在前三种生存模式中,互惠形式构成了社会中货物的流通。 在集约化农业和工业主义中,以货币为基础的市场经济构成了主导的交换模式。

    工业主义最早是在欧洲发展起来的,它激发了世界许多其他地区的殖民化。 工业社会与有薪劳动、工作纪律、社会阶层、商品消费和高度不平等有关。 一些工业化社会通过将生产转移到劳动力成本更低的世界较贫穷地区而成为后工业化社会。 在后工业化社会,在服务业工作的人比在制造业工作的人多。 与工业和后工业社会相关的密集开采、污染和废物对环境的危害越来越大。


    This page titled 7.10:摘要 is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David G. Lewis, Jennifer Hasty, Marjorie M. Snipes, & Marjorie M. Snipes (OpenStax) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.