2.9: Maneno ya kawaida ya Hoja
- Page ID
- 165725
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Sikiliza toleo la sauti la ukurasa huu (dakika 6, sekunde 13):
Hapa ni maneno yote ya kawaida kujadiliwa katika Sura ya 2 kwa kuanzisha mambo mbalimbali ya hoja. Vichwa vya sehemu vinaunganisha habari zaidi.
Madai
Madai ya sera
- Tunapaswa _____________.
- Tunapaswa _____________.
- Lazima _____________.
- Hebu _____________.
- Kozi bora ni _____________.
- Suluhisho ni _____________.
- Hatua inayofuata inapaswa kuwa _____________.
- Tunapaswa kuzingatia _____________.
- Utafiti zaidi unapaswa kufanyika ili kuamua _____________.
Madai ya ukweli
- Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa _____________.
- Takwimu zinaonyesha kuwa _____________.
- _____________inaongezeka au kupungua.
- Kuna mwenendo kuelekea _____________.
- _____________husababisha _____________
- _____________inaongoza kwa _____________.
Madai ya thamani
- _____________ni ya kutisha/ya kutisha/ya kutisha.
- _____________ni mediocre/wastani/heshimi/kukubalika.
- Tunapaswa kusherehekea _____________.
- _____________ni kubwa/ajabu/ajabu/kuvutia.
Kulinganisha madai ya thamani
- _____________ni bora _____________.
- _____________ni _____________ mbaya zaidi.
- _____________ni bora kuliko _____________.
- _____________ni mbaya kuliko _____________.
- _____________ni nzuri kama _____________.
- _____________ni mbaya kama _____________
Sababu
- Kwa sababu _____________, _____________.
- Kwa sababu hii, _____________.
- Ikiwa _____________, basi _____________.
- Tangu _____________, _____________.
- Kwa sababu hii, _____________.
- Tunaweza kuhitimisha _____________.
- Kwa hiyo, _____________.
- Hivyo _____________.
- Kwa hiyo, _____________.
- Matokeo yake, _____________.
- Kwa hiyo _____________.
- Hivyo _____________.
- Inafuata kwamba _____________.
Makubaliano
Makosa counteraguments
- Ni wazo mbaya zaidi kwamba _____________.
- Baadhi wameanguka kwa wazo kwamba _____________.
- Watu wengi kwa uongo wanaamini kuwa _____________.
Neutrally ilivyoelezwa kinyume
- Watu wengi wanafikiri _____________.
- Baadhi, kwa upande mwingine, watasema kuwa _____________.
- Wengine wanaweza hawakubaliani, wakidai kuwa _____________.
- Bila shaka, wengi wamedai kuwa _____________.
- Wengine watachukua suala na _____________, wakisema kuwa _____________.
- Baadhi watapinga kwamba _____________.
- Wengine watapinga wazo kwamba _____________, wakidai kuwa _____________.
- Ukosoaji mmoja wa njia hii ya kufikiri ni kwamba _____________.
Counterarguments kwamba kuwa na sifa
- Ni kweli kwamba ___________.
- Mimi concede_____________.
- Tunapaswa kutoa kwamba _____________.
- Lazima tukubali kwamba _____________.
- Ninakubali kwamba _____________.
- X ina uhakika kwamba _____________.
- Kwa hakika, _____________.
- Bila shaka, _____________.
- Ili kuwa na uhakika, _____________.
- Kunaweza kuwa na kitu kwa wazo kwamba _____________.
Rebuttal kwa counterargument
- Wazo hili linapoteza ukweli kwamba _____________.
- Sikubaliani kwa sababu _____________.
- Hii inategemea dhana kwamba _____________ ambayo si sahihi kwa sababu _____________.
- Hoja hii inashughulikia _____________.
- Hoja hii inapingana yenyewe _____________.
- Hii ni makosa kwa sababu _____________.
Mkataba kwa counterargument
- Ni kweli kwamba ___________, lakin___________.
- Mimi concede_____________, na bado ___________.
- Tunapaswa kutoa hiyo_____________, lakini bado tunapaswa kutambua kwamba ___________.
- Tunaweza kukubali kwamba ____________ na bado tunaamini kwamba ___________..
- Ninakubali kwamba _____________, na bado tunapaswa kutambua kwamba _____________.
- Wakosoaji wana uhakika kwamba _____________; hata hivyo ni muhimu zaidi kwamba tunazingatia _____________.
- Kwa hakika, _____________. Hata hivyo, ___________.
- Bila shaka, _____________, lakini bado ninasisitiza kuwa __________..
- Ili kuwa na uhakika, _____________; lakini _____________.
- Kunaweza kuwa na kitu kwa wazo kwamba _____________, na bado _____________.
Mipaka
Chini ya uhakika kamili
- Labda, ________.
- Ni muhimu kuzingatia wazo kwamba ________.
- ________ may________.
- ________inaweza ________.
- ________inaweza uwezekano ________.
- Pengine, ________.
- Uwezekano mkubwa sana, ________.
- Karibu hakika, ________.
Kupunguza wigo wa hoja
- Wachache ________.
- Baadhi ________.
- Wengi ________.
- Wengi ________.
- Idadi kubwa ya ________.
- Karibu wote ________.
- ________ isipokuwa ________.
- Ikiwa sio kwamba ________, basi ________.
- ________, isipokuwa katika kesi hiyo ________.
- Tunaweza kuwatenga kesi ambapo _____________.