Skip to main content
Global

39: Mfumo wa Kupumua

  1. Last updated
  2. Save as PDF
  • Page ID
    175426

    • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    Breathing is an involuntary event. How often a breath is taken and how much air is inhaled or exhaled are tightly regulated by the respiratory center in the brain. Humans, when they aren’t exerting themselves, breathe approximately 15 times per minute on average. Canines have a respiratory rate of about 15–30 breaths per minute. With every inhalation, air fills the lungs, and with every exhalation, air rushes back out. That air is doing more than just inflating and deflating the lungs in the chest cavity. The air contains oxygen that crosses the lung tissue, enters the bloodstream, and travels to organs and tissues.

    • 39.0: Utangulizi wa Mfumo wa Kupumua
      Hewa ina oksijeni inayovuka tishu za mapafu, huingia kwenye damu, na husafiri kwa viungo na tishu. Oksijeni huingia kwenye seli ambako hutumiwa kwa athari za kimetaboliki zinazozalisha ATP, kiwanja cha juu cha nishati. Wakati huo huo, athari hizi hutoa dioksidi kaboni kama bidhaa. Dioksidi kaboni ni sumu na inapaswa kuondolewa. Dioksidi ya kaboni hutoka kwenye seli, huingia kwenye damu, inarudi kwenye mapafu, na imetoka nje ya mwili wakati wa kutolea nje.
    • 39.1: Mifumo ya Kubadilishana gesi
      Kazi ya msingi ya mfumo wa kupumua ni kutoa oksijeni kwenye seli za tishu za mwili na kuondoa dioksidi kaboni, bidhaa za taka za seli. Miundo kuu ya mfumo wa kupumua kwa binadamu ni cavity ya pua, trachea, na mapafu.
    • 39.2: Kubadilisha gesi kwenye Nyuso za kupumua
      Mfumo wa mapafu huongeza eneo lake la uso ili kuongeza usambazaji wa gesi. Kwa sababu ya idadi kubwa ya alveoli (takriban milioni 300 katika kila mapafu ya binadamu), eneo la uso wa mapafu ni kubwa sana (mita za mraba 75). Kuwa na eneo kubwa la uso huongeza kiasi cha gesi ambacho kinaweza kuenea ndani na nje ya mapafu.
    • 39.3: Kupumua
      Mapafu ya Mamalia iko katika cavity ya thoracic ambako wamezungukwa na kulindwa na ngome ya ubavu, misuli ya intercostal, na imefungwa na ukuta wa kifua. Chini ya mapafu hutolewa na diaphragm, misuli ya mifupa inayowezesha kupumua. Kupumua kunahitaji uratibu wa mapafu, ukuta wa kifua, na muhimu zaidi, diaphragm.
    • 39.4: Usafiri wa Gesi katika Maji ya Mwili wa Binadamu
      Mara baada ya oksijeni kuenea katika alveoli, inaingia kwenye damu na husafirishwa hadi tishu ambako inafunguliwa, na dioksidi kaboni huenea nje ya damu na ndani ya alveoli ili kufukuzwa mwilini. Ingawa kubadilishana gesi ni mchakato unaoendelea, oksijeni na dioksidi kaboni husafirishwa kwa njia tofauti.
    • 39.E: Mfumo wa Kupumua (Mazoezi)